Grammatical Analysis: Gender, Number, Adjectives, Pronouns, and Periphrasis

Posted on Jan 14, 2025 in Latin

Grammatical Analysis

Gender and Number

Gender:

  • Motivated: Male/Female distinctions (e.g., poet/poetess, bear/osa).
  • Unmotivated: No inherent sex (e.g., olive, guitar, objects).
  • Common Gender: Same form for male and female (e.g., the athlete).
  • Epicene Gender: One form for both sexes (e.g., the eagle).
  • Ambiguous Gender: Can be masculine or feminine (e.g., the sugar).

Number: Singular (sg) and Plural (pl). Some words are always singular (singulariam tantum) like thirst, complexion, adolescence. Others are always plural (pluralia tantum) like outskirts, groceries, betrothal.

Classification of Adjectives

According to Gender:

  • Variable: Changes with gender (e.g., clean/a, empty/a).
  • Invariant: Does not change with gender (e.g., agile, intelligent).

According to Structure:

  • Simple: (e.g., ugly, beautiful).
  • Derivatives: (e.g., police).
  • Compounds: (e.g., speechless).

According to Position:

  • Specified: The innocent child, unknown country.
  • Explanatory: Innocent child, bright stars.

According to Degree:

  • Positive: (e.g., weird, high, low).
  • Comparative: (e.g., less rare, so rare, more rare).
  • Superlative:
    • Relative: (e.g., the less rare, the more rare).
    • Absolute: (e.g., very rare).

Determiners and Pronouns

Determiners:

  • Articles: Definite (e.g., today I give cohe), Indefinite (e.g., I get a car).
  • Demonstrative Adjectives
  • Possessive Adjectives
  • Indefinite Adjectives: (e.g., several, some, all, another, less, either, many shops).
  • Numeral Adjectives: Cardinal (e.g., 34), Ordinal (e.g., 1st), Fractional (e.g., half), Multiplicative (e.g., double).
  • Interrogative and Exclamatory Adjectives: (e.g., what?, how many?, that!, few!).

Pronouns:

  • Indefinite Pronouns: (e.g., nothing, nobody).
  • Interrogative Pronouns: (e.g., who are you?).
  • Personal Pronouns: (e.g., I, us, leismo, laísmo, Loísmo).
  • Relative Pronouns: Function as the core of the noun phrase.

Fraser (Pronominal Uses)

As Personal Pronouns:

  • LE-variant: (e.g., the postman brought it).
  • Reflexive: (e.g., applying myself, the child is washed).
  • Reciprocal: (e.g., they look at each other).
  • Causative: (e.g., john shave in the barber).
  • Dative of Interest: (e.g., The leg was broken).
  • Ethical Dative: (e.g., the teacher looks at exmn with magnifying glass).

As Verbal Morpheme:

  • Lexicalized: (e.g., arrepntrse, dare).
  • Emphatic: (e.g., juan-juan will go, fell asleep at the Juna 10).
  • Mark of Impersonality: (e.g., se live well here, they hate tyrants).

Types of Periphrasis

Periphrasis of Manner:

  • Obligation: having q + inf, have to + inf, having q + inf, + inf duty.
  • Probability or Possibility: d + infi duty, to + inf, + inf want.

Aspectual Periphrasis:

  • Inchoative: going to + inf, + inf pass, being a punt d + inf, getting a + inf, + inf break, start / comenzr a + inf, add a + inf.
  • Endings: let d + inf, + inf d end.
  • Frequentative and Reiterative: soler + inf, + inf again.
  • Participle in Periphrastic or Resultative: take + parti, have + par.

Types of Conjunctions

Simple: y, e, nor, but, if, o.

Phrases: because, so, although, because, since, while, though, so soon.

Conjunction Classification

A) Coordinating Conjunctions:

  • Copulative: (y/e, ni).
  • Disjunctive: (o/u, or).
  • Distributive: (One… Other, here… there, and ya).
  • Adversative: (sinembrg, more, but not osbstnt, but rather).
  • Explicative: (that is, that is, more).

B) Subordinating Conjunctions:

  • Complete: that, if.
  • Final: so that.
  • Causal: xq, since q, and q.
  • Consecutive: Then, Conq, and corresponding x.
  • Conditional: yes, simpre q, q.
  • Concessive: aunke, x over q, but, despite q.