Gothic Architecture: Key Features and Elements
Key Features of Gothic Architecture
1. Constructive Elements
a) Arches
The defining arch of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch. While the pointed arch is most common, the fifteenth century saw the use of ogee arches, elliptical arches, and segmental arches.
b) Load-Bearing Structures
The primary load-bearing structure is the pillar, to which ribs are attached. These are referred to as pillar ribs.
c) Vaults
Gothic vaults are typically ribbed vaults, consisting of ribs and infill. Ribbed vaults allow for thinner walls and the incorporation of large, glass-to-ceiling windows.
d) Flying Buttresses
Flying buttresses and buttresses are used to transfer the weight of the vaults outward, above the aisles, particularly in temples with three or more naves. A pinnacle is a pointed, decorative element often found at the end of buttresses. The buttress itself is a pillar attached to a wall for stability and can be connected via flying buttresses.
2. Naturalism
Gothic architects drew inspiration from nature, with designs reminiscent of plant veins. The exterior of buildings, with their buttresses and buttress systems, reflects this influence.
3. Temple Layouts
Gothic temples generally follow the Romanesque layout, featuring a Latin cross plan. This is evident in the apse and ambulatory. Temples may also have Greek cross plans (equal arms) or Latin cross plans (unequal arms). The intersection of the longitudinal and transverse arms is called the crossing or transept. The apse is located at the head of the temple, sometimes extending the aisles behind the main altar to form an ambulatory.
4. Temple Composition
Gothic architecture emphasizes height, especially in the nave. Facades feature towers that follow the same plan and height. Facades are divided into three horizontal bands: the facade itself, the rose window, and the upper section of the nave and towers. In contrast to Romanesque architecture, which featured low, dark buildings with solid walls, Gothic buildings are tall, airy, and feature more open wall space.
5. Internal Space
Gothic architecture introduces a new concept of internal space, characterized by:
- Vertical, upward movement
- Longitudinal progression down the aisle
This design seeks heavenly transcendence through:
- Light filtering through stained glass windows
- Color in windows, capitals, vault keystones, and wall hangings
6. Decoration
Decoration is still present on the front of temples, chapels, and choir stalls. A common decorative element is the gable, often placed above doors.
7. Materials
Gothic architecture primarily uses stone.
Main Types of Structures:
1. Religious Structures
Cathedrals are the quintessential Gothic structure. A typical Gothic cathedral features a Latin cross plan, a slightly pronounced transept, multiple naves, an apse with ambulatory, and radiating chapels.
- Elevations can vary, with naves of different heights or a central nave of equal height.
- Facades are framed by towers, divided vertically into sections, and feature splayed facades, rose windows, and arches.
2. Civil Buildings
Civil buildings, such as castles, auction houses, and municipalities, are more common in later Gothic periods.