Global Interdependence and Territorial Disparities
The Process and Causes of Globalization
Globalization is the growing interdependence among countries in all areas. The primary causes of this phenomenon include:
- Transport improvements: These facilitate the transfer of persons and goods globally.
- Progress in telecommunications: This allows for interrelationships of all kinds, enabling the sending and receiving of instant information to coordinate business.
- Generalization of the capitalist system: Based on private property, free competition, and maximum benefit. This includes labor market globalization and the widespread exploitation and consumption of resources, supported by the rise of consumerism.
- Extension of neoliberal ideology: Based on free markets and the disappearance of trade barriers.
- Performance of international actors: This includes multinationals (companies based in one country but operating where it is most advantageous) and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the UN, and the G8.
Understanding Global Territorial Inequalities
Territorial inequalities have traditionally been explained by the influence of the physical environment and the existence of resources. Currently, they are attributed to internal economic factors and external relations between territories.
Characteristics of Developed Countries
Located mainly in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Japan, CIS, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand), these nations feature:
- A wealthy economy based on industrial activities and advanced services, such as research.
- Low population growth due to low birth and death rates, leading to significant aging.
- Intense urbanization and a political situation marked by democracy and social peace.
- A high standard of living, although internal territorial imbalances still exist.
Characteristics of Underdeveloped Countries
Located mainly south of developed nations (Latin America, Southern Africa, and Asia), these countries face:
- An economic weight centered on agriculture and a demographic imbalance caused by high natural growth.
- Urban contrasts between developed centers and impoverished peri-urban areas.
- Social coexistence of a wealthy minority with an impoverished majority.
- Political instability caused by authoritarian regimes, corruption, and war.
Spain’s Socioeconomic Position in the Global Context
Spain is currently a middle power in the global context. From a socioeconomic standpoint, it is among the developed countries with a high level of social welfare and economic wealth.
Sociocultural and Economic Status
Spain features a high demographic volume and significant cultural dissemination abroad through Spanish agencies and personalities. Its economic status is highlighted by its GDP (9th place worldwide) and the growing integration of its economy through multinational corporations and foreign trade.
Political Influence and Global Rankings
Spain’s political position is defined by its participation in international institutions such as the UN, OECD, NATO, WEU, and OSCE. It is heavily involved in global development cooperation through various NGOs. In the global context, Spain ranks:
- 13th in the HDI (Human Development Index) due to its GDP, life expectancy, and literacy rate.
- 9th in the IGIEA (Index of Governance of the International Economy) reflecting its institutional influence and economic weight.