French Revolution’s Aftermath: Terror, Directory, and European Restoration
The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
During this period, innocent people were put to death, and many others were beaten. Victims were often forced to comply and then left to resist for their lives. This era of terror began in 1793 and concluded in 1794.
Revolutionary Societal Changes
The revolutionary spirit ushered in a new era. This included:
- A new calendar
- The replacement of state festivals and other religious symbols with those of a revolutionary character
- Significant changes in fashion
- The adoption of the metric system
The Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Convention saw the high bourgeoisie dominate, led by a more moderate group known as the Thermidorians. They pursued the most radical revolutionaries, abandoned price controls, and drafted a new constitution, famously known as the Constitution of Year III.
The Directory Period
The Directory was composed of five members who exercised executive power. The legislative branch was divided into two chambers, elected indirectly. This system ensured the political dominance of citizens who possessed property.
The Directory sought to recover its financial solvency through foreign conquests, a period that also saw the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Post-Napoleonic Restoration & European Balance
This restoration effort aimed to revert the situation to its state before the French Revolution, largely ignoring the profound changes that had occurred. Authorities sought to restore monarchical governments across Europe. The powers that benefited most were Prussia, Russia, and Austria, gaining significantly from the modified European map.
The Principle of European Balance
The Principle of the European Balance was established, ensuring equal rights and status for the five major powers. Its goal was to prevent the hegemony of a single powerful European state, a situation that had arisen during Napoleonic rule.
The Holy Alliance Treaty
The Holy Alliance Treaty was signed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia. The primary purpose of this alliance was to assure the kings of these powers the right to intervene in any country where a revolution originated.