Foundations of Islam: Beliefs, Practices, and Historical Insights

Posted on Jul 18, 2025 in Religion

Understanding the Holy Quran

Literal and Terminological Meaning

The word Qur’an is derived from the Arabic word قراءة (qira’ah), which means ‘to be read’ and also ‘to collect one thing with another’. In this sense, it refers to the scripture that is read. The Word of Allah is called Al-Qur’an in the same sense, meaning ‘the book to be read’.

Terminologically, the Qur’an is defined as: It is Allah Almighty’s miraculous speech revealed to Hazrat Muhammad Rasoolullah Khatam-ul-Nabieen (the Seal of Prophets) in the Arabic language. It has come down to us frequently in written form, and its recitation holds the status of worship. It begins with Surah Al-Fatihah and ends with Surah An-Nas.

Preservation of the Holy Quran

Many inspired books were revealed before the Holy Qur’an, but they do not exist in their original form; they contain distortions. The unique characteristic of the Holy Qur’an is that it has been preserved in its original form from the first day until today, and it will remain preserved until the Day of Judgment. This is because Allah Almighty has taken the responsibility of protecting it. Allah Ta’ala said in the Quran:

Translation: It is certainly We Who have revealed the Reminder (Quran), and it is certainly We Who will preserve it.

Virtues of Reciting the Holy Quran

Translation: Recite the Holy Qur’an, for it will become an intercessor for those who recite it on the Day of Judgment.

Writing Materials in the Prophet’s Era

During the Prophet’s era, one of the primary means of protecting the Qur’an was memorizing it. Additionally, the Qur’an was preserved by writing it down. The method was that whatever revelation was revealed, the Prophet (PBUH) would dictate it to the Companions.

Since the use of paper was very rare in that era, the Qur’an was written on wooden boards, stone slabs, leather covers, broad palm leaves, camel shoulder bones, etc., though sometimes paper pieces were also used.

Universality of the Quran

The Holy Qur’an is the last and universal book of Allah, just as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is the last Prophet of Allah. It is the source of guidance for all Muslims until the Day of Resurrection, not just for a particular nation or time. This is the universal message of God, containing guidance for all generations leading up to the Day of Judgment.

Understanding Hadith

Meaning of Hadith

The literal meaning of Hadith is speech and conversation. According to Sharia, the sayings, actions, and approvals related to the Prophet (PBUH) are known as Hadith. It is the collection of sayings, actions, and approvals of the Holy Prophet. Any action performed in the presence of the Holy Prophet, about which he remained silent, is also considered part of Hadith.

Types of Hadith

There are three types of Hadith:

1. Hadith Qawli: All traditions in which the Prophet’s sayings or commands are mentioned are called Hadith Qawli.
2. Hadith Fi’li: A tradition in which the Prophet’s actions are mentioned is called Hadith Fi’li.
3. Hadith Taqreeri: Sometimes, his followers expressed their ideas or performed certain actions, and the Holy Prophet remained silent and made no comment. In this way, those actions also became a part of Deen (religion) because they were not objected to by the Prophet.

Modesty and Faith

Connection Between Modesty and Faith

Modesty and Faith are deeply connected in Islam. Modesty is an integral part of a believer’s faith. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:

Translation: Verily, modesty is a part of faith.

Modesty is an essential attribute among the qualities that arise in a believer as a result of faith. Like faith, modesty is a feeling that, if strengthened, helps a person refrain from engaging in sin. In another place, he said in a Hadith:

Recommended Supplications

Three Recommended Supplications

In the light of Hadith, three things have been recommended to ask for:

1. Useful knowledge: It means that after acquiring it, a person gains the knowledge of Allah Ta’ala.
2. Good sustenance: It means halal (lawful) and pure sustenance.
3. Accepted practice: Only those actions are accepted by Allah Ta’ala which are purely for His pleasure and have been practiced by the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

Understanding Piety (Taqwa)

Meaning of Piety (Taqwa)

Taqwa means piousness, godliness; that is, doing the things that Allah has ordered to be done and refraining from the things that He has forbidden.

Prophethood in Islam

Literal and Terminological Meaning

Literal Meaning: The term “Prophethood” comes from the Arabic word Nubuwwah, which means to be chosen or appointed to convey a message. It signifies a state of being selected by Allah to guide humanity.

Terminological Meaning: In Islamic terminology, Allah Ta’ala sent His message to creation through chosen servants to guide His creation; they are called Prophets and Messengers, and their position is called Prophethood. The literal meaning of Rasool is ‘to convey a message,’ and the one who conveys the message is called a messenger. In Islamic terminology, a messenger is also called a prophet. The meaning of a prophet is ‘one who gives news.’ A messenger and a prophet are chosen persons whom Allah Ta’ala has sent. Allah chose them to convey His message to the people. Allah revealed His message to them through revelation, and then they conveyed it to the people.

Why Allah Sent Prophets and Messengers

Allah sent Prophets and Messengers for several reasons:

1. Guidance: To provide clear guidance on how to live a righteous life according to divine principles.
2. Warning: To warn people against wrongdoing and the consequences of turning away from Allah’s commands.
3. Conveying Revelation: To deliver divine revelations and laws that govern human conduct and spirituality.
4. Establishing Justice: To establish justice and moral order within societies.

Characteristics of Prophets

Allah bestowed many qualities upon the Prophets. They are blessed with knowledge and wisdom in the form of revelation from Allah Almighty, and there is no example of them among common people.

1. Humanity: Although the Prophets are spiritually superior to all human beings, they are neither from the group of angels nor from the group of jinn. For this reason, every prophet always announced the same thing. The Prophets (peace be upon them) are human beings and are characterized by qualities that distinguish them from other people. They are characterized by all inner and outer perfections.
2. Immaculate: The Prophet is innocent; he does not make mistakes in his actions or morals. Their motivations are always pure and guided by divine will. They live under the special supervision of Allah.

The End of Prophethood

The verse often cited regarding the end of Prophethood is from Surah Al-Ahzab (33:40):

Translation: Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets. And Allah is ever Knowing of all things.

Understanding Prayer (Salah)

Meaning of Prayer (Salah)

Prayer is the first obligation among Islam’s five pillars, following Tawheed (Oneness of God). Praying is the act of seeking grace and mercy from Allah Ta’ala while remaining extremely humble and practicing obedience with humility. Prayer is a unique method of remembering and thanking Allah that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) taught us.

Importance of Salah

Regarding the significance of Salah, Allah stated in the Holy Quran:

Translation: Recite what has been revealed to you of the Book and establish prayer. Indeed, genuine prayer should deter one from indecency and wickedness. The remembrance of Allah is an even greater deterrent. And Allah fully knows what you all do.

Importance of Congregational Prayer

Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said:

Translation: Congregational prayer is 27 times better than praying alone.

Philosophy of Prayer

The basic philosophy of prayer is that its original and main purpose is the remembrance of Allah. In the Holy Quran, prayer is said to be the cause of God’s remembrance. It makes one an obedient servant and inculcates in him the fear of Allah, which protects a person from immorality and evil deeds.

Understanding Fasting (Sawm)

Literal and Terminological Meaning

Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam. Muslims fast during the holy month of the Islamic year, Ramadan. Fasting is called Sawm in Arabic. The literal meaning of Sawm is ‘stopping’.

The meaning of Sawm or fasting in Sharia terms is that a person abstains from food, drink, and other carnal desires with the intention of fasting from dawn to sunset. Food is eaten before dawn, which is called Suhur, after which the Fajr prayer is offered, while the fast is broken after sunset, which is called Iftar.

Importance of Fasting

The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: There are eight gates of Paradise, one of them is called Rayyan, and only a fasting person will enter it.

Purposes of Fasting

The main purpose of fasting is piety. Since the purpose of fasting is to attain piety, it is not merely a requirement to stop eating and drinking, but to prevent all parts of the body from disobeying Allah. The three purposes of fasting are piety, altruism, and preventing all parts of the body from disobeying Allah.

Practices in the Last Decade of Ramadan

In the last decade of Ramadan, Muslims organize Itikaf and spend the last decade of Ramadan in the mosque, worshipping Allah. This practice is Sunnah and it has many virtues.

Historical Events

Breaking of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah

Two tribes were settled near Makkah, but there was a bitter rivalry and opposition between them for a long time. Banu Bakr, together with Quraysh, attacked Banu Khuza’ah suddenly in Sha’ban 8 Hijri. Banu Khuza’ah took refuge in the Haram Kaaba to save their lives. Banu Bakr’s chief, Nofal, killed twenty-three (23) men of Banu Khuza’ah in the Haram during this attack. Quraysh broke the agreement of Hudaybiyah with this action.

Conditions for Treaty Renewal

The Prophet (peace be upon him) offered these conditions for the renewal of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah:

1. The blood money of the slain from Banu Khuza’ah should be paid.
2. The Quraysh should withdraw their support from Banu Bakr.
3. The collapse of the Hudaybiyah agreement should be announced.

Muslim Army for the Conquest of Makkah

On the 10th of Ramadan in the 8th year of Hijra, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) left Medina with an army of 10,000 men and headed towards Mecca. The army made an encampment at Mar al-Zahran, close to Makkah, and Prophet Muhammad (SAW) ordered the army to burn their hearths, so the whole area was lit up for miles.

Hazrat Abu Sufyan’s Acceptance of Islam

After setting up camp at Mar al-Zahran, Hazrat Abbas rode out on the white mule of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and sent a message to the Quraysh, urging them to seek peace. In response, Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan bin Harb, Hakeem bin Hizam, and Badil bin Warqa as their representatives. Hazrat Abbas met with these three and brought them to the presence of the Prophet, where he pleaded for their lives. As a result, Hazrat Abu Sufyan accepted Islam on that occasion.

Actions Upon Conquering Makkah

Prophet (SAW) went to Masjid Haram with Hazrat Usama Bin Zayd sitting behind him, and Hazrat Bilal and Uthman Bin Talha, the key bearer of the Kaaba, were also with him. Prophet (SAW) reached Masjid Haram, circumambulated the Kaaba, and kissed the Black Stone. On that occasion, he went inside the Kaaba and knocked down the idols in the House of Allah by hitting them with the tip of a stick and reciting Surah Al-Isra, verse 81:

Translation: And say, “Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished. Indeed, falsehood is ever bound to vanish.”

Battle of Hunayn

Distance to Hunayn

Wadi Hunayn was around 40 kilometers away from Makkah.

Departure for Hunayn

The Prophet (PBUH) left Makkah for Hunayn at the start of Shawwal.

Prophet’s Qualities in Hunayn

Prophet (PBUH) showed great courage, bravery, and perseverance on this occasion. He used to move his ride forward and say: “I am the Prophet, I am not a liar, I am the son of Abd al-Muttalib.”

Prophet’s Command to Hazrat Abbas

The Prophet (PBUH) told Hazrat Abbas to call the people of the tree in a loud voice (those who pledged allegiance under the tree before the Treaty of Hudaybiyah). Then Muslims started gathering around him, running from all sides.

Reason for Muslim Disorientation

The polytheists had hidden their troops in the tiny gorges surrounding Hunayn, and as soon as the Islamic army went through, they began shooting arrows from all sides. The Muslims were mentally unprepared for this situation; therefore, a state of anarchy occurred in the army, which was the reason for the Muslims’ disorientation during the Battle of Hunayn.

Year of Delegations (Aam al-Wufood)

Meaning of Aam al-Wufood

The year is known as the Year of Delegations.

Reason for being called the Year of Delegations: A few months after the conquest of Makkah, the arrival of delegations began. Delegations from near and far started coming to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and these delegations came so frequently that the year became known as Aam al-Wufood.

Prophet’s Treatment of Delegations

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) honored these incoming delegations by taking care of their accommodation and needs. They were provided with rich meals, and Islam was introduced to them. In exchange, these delegations were also given gifts by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Prophecy of Victory for Abdul Qays

The delegation of Abdul Qays came in the month of Safar, 9 AH, consisting of twelve people, including Hazrat Hamza bin Nu’man (RA). The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) warned them and gave them the good news of the conquest of Syria.

Delegations in the Prophet’s Mosque

Some delegations were accommodated in the Prophet’s Mosque, where tents were pitched for them under the shade of trees. This allowed them to observe Muslims engaged in reciting the Qur’an and performing prayers. Inspired by this, they accepted Islam, and the Prophet (PBUH) encouraged them to renounce idol worship, with some pledging to break their idols themselves.

Engagement with Najran Delegation

An order came to engage with the delegation of Najran. In the same year, the delegation of Najran also came to discuss Islam. The area of Najran consisted of more than seventy settlements, and there were one hundred thousand soldiers in their army. This delegation consisted of 60 people, out of which 24 were their chiefs. The delegation reached out to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and asked questions about Islam. Then, in the year of victory, the Prophet invited them to Islam and recited the Qur’an, but they did not accept Islam. By the command of Allah, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) invited them to Mubahala (mutual invocation).

Early Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

Early Trials

The most significant trials in the life of Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) occurred during his childhood. When he was just six years old, his mother, Hazrat Aminah (RA), passed away while they were returning from Yathrib. Then, at the age of eight, his grandfather also passed away. These events were indeed some of the severest tests that the Prophet (PBUH) faced.

Guidance on Hard Work

The lessons we learned about hard work from the early life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) are significant. Starting from his childhood, the Prophet (SAW) demonstrated his commitment to his beliefs. He took on the responsibility of grazing the goats belonging to some chiefs of Makkah to support his uncle. His wages were given to him in the form of a few coins, highlighting the blessings that come from hard-earned income.

Childhood Travels

The places that the Prophet (PBUH) traveled to during his childhood were Yathrib at the age of six and Syria at the age of twelve.

Example of Selflessness

The quality of selflessness had been evident in his temperament since childhood. He would sit quietly during meals, and when everyone had finished, he would eat any leftovers, or, if there were none, he would silently leave.

Fame Before Prophethood

Before his Prophethood, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was known as Al-Amin (the Trustworthy) and As-Sadiq (the Truthful). People trusted him implicitly, and he would return their trusts in full when requested.

Prophet’s Worship and Devotion

Cause of Swelling in Prophet’s Feet

Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) used to stay in Tahajjud (night) prayer for so long that his feet used to get swollen. When Hazrat Aisha (RA) asked why he worked so hard when Allah had already granted him forgiveness (Allah had already cleansed him from all kinds of sins), he said:

“Should I not then be a grateful servant of Allah?”

Virtues of Prayer

The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) used to be very humble and submissive in both voluntary and obligatory prayers, and Tahajjud prayer was also a reflection of his intense worship. Hazrat Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) said about the night prayer of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that: “Do not ask about the length of his prayer and its beauty. His prayer was not long, but it was beautiful in all its parts.”

Encouraging Worship

The Prophet (SAW) used to encourage moderation, steadfastness, and consistency instead of excess in one’s worship, saying that the most beloved of good deeds to Allah is that which is consistent, even if it is only a little.

Increased Worship in Ramadan

The Prophet (PBUH) used to worship throughout the year, but during the month of Ramadan, Jibreel (Gabriel) used to come every night to recite the Holy Quran with the Prophet. And the Prophet’s worship increased even more in the last decade of Ramadan.

Generosity in Islam

Forms of Generosity

Different forms of generosity include:

1. Financial Form: Helping someone financially, for example, feeding the poor and needy, raising orphans, helping widows, and doing public welfare affairs is a form of financial generosity and welfare.
2. Physical Form: Devoting time to the betterment and guidance of others, even when doing individual worship, is a form of physical generosity. This involves using one’s time and effort for the benefit of others.
3. Intellectual Form: Teaching knowledge or skills, offering encouragement, and providing guidance are forms of intellectual generosity and selflessness. Sharing one’s wisdom and expertise helps others grow and succeed.

Benefits of Generosity

We need to adopt the exemplary model of generosity and sacrifice set by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), which can bring various social benefits. Two of these benefits are as follows:

1. Promoting Goodness and Ease in Society: By practicing generosity and sacrifice, we can become a source of kindness and convenience for others in the community.
2. Gaining Blessings in This Life and the Hereafter: Through acts of charity, we can earn people’s prayers and, as a result, attain happiness and success both in this world and the Hereafter.

Oaths (Qasam) in Islam

Literal and Terminological Meanings

Literal meanings: The word قسم (Qasam) is an Arabic term that means ‘to take an oath’. In Arabic, the word يمين (Yameen) is also used for this purpose, which means ‘the right side’. It is called this because, in Arab culture, when someone took or gave an oath, they would shake each other’s right hand.

Terminological meaning: In Islamic terminology, يمين (Yameen) or قسم (Qasam) refers to affirming or denying something from the past or present in the name of Allah, or making a promise regarding an action to be performed or avoided in the future.

Difference Between Qasam and Halaf

In Arabic, the word حلف (Halaf) is also used for an oath, but there is a distinction between Qasam (قسم) and Halaf (حلف):

• Qasam: Refers to a general oath, typically taken in the name of Allah, to affirm or deny something or to promise to do or avoid something.
• Halaf: Specifically refers to an oath that imposes constitutional or legal obligations on the person taking it or on others. Failure to fulfill this type of oath can lead to legal action.

Examples of Halaf:

1. A witness swearing to tell the truth in court.
2. Judges, heads of state, ministers, members of parliament, and military officials take an oath to perform their duties honestly and adhere to the law.

Expiation for Breaking an Oath

The expiation for breaking an oath is as follows:

1. Feed ten poor people.
2. If unable to do so, clothe ten poor people.
3. If unable to do so, free a slave.
4. If none of these options are possible, observe three consecutive fasts.

Issues Related to Oaths

1. An oath is not established merely by intention; it becomes binding only when the words of the oath are uttered.
2. If an oath is taken even in jest and not fulfilled, expiation (kafarah) must be given.
3. If multiple oaths are taken to perform the same good deed but it is not fulfilled, only one expiation is required.

Testimony (Shahadah) in Islam

Meaning of Testimony

Literal meanings: The Arabic word for testimony is Shahadah, which is derived from the root word Mushahidah, meaning ‘to witness or see’.

In terminology, Shahadah (testimony) refers to the act of affirming or reporting something by verbal declaration. A witness is called Shahid because they describe the reality of an event or matter with firm knowledge and complete certainty. It means to state something based on full knowledge and conviction, such as testifying to the Oneness of Allah and the Prophethood, or, in a legal context, verifying a claim.

Quranic Verse on Testimony

Translation: Believers! Be upholders of justice, and bearers of witness to truth for the sake of Allah, even though it may either be against yourselves or against your parents and kinfolk. (Surah An-Nisa, 4:135)

Hadith on False Testimony

Islamic Sharia classifies false testimony as a major sin. In a Hadith, it is narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was asked about major sins. He said:

“Associating partners with Allah, disobedience to parents, unlawful killing, and false testimony.” (Sahih Bukhari, 5977)

Giving Truthful Testimony

If I am asked to give truthful testimony against my friend for damaging school property, I will prioritize honesty and integrity. Being truthful is a fundamental moral value, and it is important to uphold justice regardless of personal relationships. I will explain the facts as they happened without exaggeration or bias, ensuring that the truth is conveyed clearly. At the same time, I will avoid harming my friend unnecessarily and will seek to resolve the situation justly.

Being a Good Neighbor

Social Impacts of Being a Good Neighbor

Social impacts of being a good neighbor include:

• Fostering Love and Respect: Upholding the rights of neighbors cultivates feelings of mutual love and respect within the community.
• Creating an Atmosphere of Peace and Harmony: Respecting and supporting neighbors contributes to a peaceful and harmonious environment.
• Ease in Helping During Difficult Times: When neighbors care for each other’s rights, offering help during challenging times becomes more natural and accessible.

Quranic Verse on Kindness to Neighbors

The Quranic verse about treating neighbors with kindness:

“Worship Allah and associate nothing with Him, and be kind to parents, relatives, orphans, the needy, the near neighbor, the distant neighbor, the companion at your side, the traveler, and those whom your right hands possess.” (Surah An-Nisa, 4:36)

Right of Preemption (Haqq Shufa)

The Right of Preemption (Haqq Shufa) is an Islamic legal principle that grants a neighbor or co-owner the first right to purchase property being sold, particularly in cases of shared property or adjacent land.

Ways a Neighbor Can Be Harmed (Hadith)

Three ways in which a neighbor can be harmed, according to Hadith:

1. Blocking a neighbor’s doorway.
2. Throwing garbage in front of their house.
3. Allowing children to trouble the neighbors’ children by behaving disrespectfully.

Rights of Neighbors

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) described several important aspects of the rights of neighbors, as follows:

• If they receive good news, congratulate them.
• If they face a calamity, console them.
• If they are in need, help them.
• If they fall sick, visit them.
• If they pass away, attend their funeral.
• Do not build your building so high as to block air or sunlight from their house.

Self-Reliance and Self-Confidence

Incident Reflecting Self-Reliance

It is narrated that a man once came to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) asking for something. The Prophet (PBUH) asked him if he had anything at home and told him to bring it. The man brought some simple belongings, which the Prophet (PBUH) sold, using the money to buy him an axe. The Prophet (PBUH) then instructed him to go to the forest, cut wood, and sell it. After a few days, the man returned to the Prophet (PBUH) and had become financially self-sufficient.

Self-Confidence vs. Self-Reliance

Self-confidence is a mental state in which a person has complete trust and belief in themselves. They feel capable of doing anything, speak with confidence, and work with certainty. When faced with a new task, they confront it with courage.

Self-reliance means enhancing one’s resources and strength and relying on them. It implies living within the means available and making the most of them. A self-respecting person, even if they have limited resources, strives to improve their means and depends on themselves rather than looking towards others.

Causes of Self-Reliance

The causes of self-reliance include:

1. Self-confidence.
2. Hard work and struggle, which is called Jihad.
3. Thrift.

Explanation of one cause: Self-Confidence

Self-confidence is the foundation of self-reliance. It enables individuals to trust their own skills and judgment, take risks, and pursue opportunities without undue fear of failure. When a person is confident, they are more willing to learn from mistakes and persist in the face of challenges. This inner belief not only empowers them to work hard but also to innovate and solve problems independently. Without self-confidence, even the willingness to work hard (Jihad) and manage resources wisely (thrift) may not lead to true self-reliance because doubt can hinder progress.

Hadith on a Strong Believer

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) described the strong believer as follows:

“A strong believer is better and more beloved to Allah than a weak believer.” (Sahih Muslim)

Benefits of Islamic Practices

Health Benefits of Prayer (Salah)

During prayer, all parts of the body are engaged, aiding digestion and reducing cholesterol levels, which keeps the human body healthy and strong.

Salah also connects a person spiritually with their Lord, keeping worries and stress away. Due to its numerous benefits, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) said:

“There is healing in prayer.” (Sunan Ibn Majah 3458)

Qualities of Talut (Saul)

Allah Almighty made Talut king over the Children of Israel. In response to their objection, He described Talut’s excellence in knowledge and physical perfection. Allah said:

Translation: And (Allah) has endowed him abundantly with both intellectual and physical capacities. (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:247)

Islamic Scholars and Their Contributions

Allama Jalaluddin Suyuti’s Prayer at Haram

Allama Jalaluddin Suyuti wrote in his book Hasan al-Hadira (or similar, as the exact title is unclear in the original text), stating that Allah Almighty had given him perfection in seven sciences: Tafsir, Hadith, Fiqh, Syntax, Meanings, Rhetoric, and Innovation. He said that on the occasion of Hajj, he drank Zamzam water and at that time prayed that he would be given the status of Imam Balqini in jurisprudence and the rank of Imam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in Hadith. Therefore, his writings and his academic expertise are witness that this prayer was accepted in the Divine court. He was the greatest scholar of his time.

Allama Shatibi’s Birth

Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Musa bin Muhammad Al-Lakhmi Al-Shatibi Al-Gharnati was a renowned Muhaddith (scholar of Hadith), Jurist, and polymath, considered among the great scholars of Usul al-Fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence). He was born in the year 720 AH (1320 CE) in Granada.

Allama Suyuti’s Works

He wrote more than 500 books. Two of his famous books are:

1. Sharh al-Isti’adhah
2. Sharh al-Basmalah

Allama Ibn Khaldun’s Demise

He died in 808 AH (1406 CE) in Egypt.

Allama Shatibi’s Famous Works

His famous books include: Al-Muwafaqat and Al-I’tisam.

Notable Figures in Islamic History

Hazrat Farid-ud-din Attar’s Conversion

Once, Khwaja Fariduddin was in his shop when a dervish came. He stood in front of the shop and said a few times: “Give something in the name of Allah.” Khwaja Fariduddin was very busy, so he did not pay attention to the dervish.

The dervish addressed Khwaja Fariduddin and said: “O Sheikh, how will you die?” He immediately replied: “As you will die.” On this, the dervish held a wooden bowl under his head and said: “Allah!” and left life. Khwaja Fariduddin was so influenced that he left all worldly pursuits and stood on the right path.

Hazrat Farid-ud-din Attar’s Famous Works

The famous books of Khwaja Sheikh Fariduddin Attar Nishapuri are:

1. Tazkirat al-Awliya (Memoirs of the Saints)
2. Diwan (Collection of Poems)

Prominent Companions

Hazrat Shifa bint Abdullah’s Skills

Before Islam, Hazrat Shifa bint Abdullah had two skills: reading and writing, and Ruqyah (spiritual healing) with which she used to treat people. She had asked for permission from Prophet (SAW) regarding Ruqyah. Prophet (SAW) had given permission and said that she should also teach that to Hazrat Hafsa, just as she taught her to read and write.

Hazrat Umm Sulaym’s Devotion

Once, Hazrat Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) drank water from a waterskin (Mashkizah) in the presence of Hazrat Umm Sulaym. She then cut off the end of that waterskin and kept it with her, which shows her deep affiliation and devotion for the Prophet.

Virtues of Hazrat Umm Sulaym

While describing the virtues of Hazrat Umm Sulaym (RA), the Prophet (PBUH) said: “When I went to Paradise, I felt footsteps. I said, ‘Who is this?’ People said, ‘Anas’s mother, Umm Sulaym bint Milhan.'”

Hazrat Umm Atiyah’s Services in Battles

Hazrat Umm Atiyah participated in seven battles, where she provided medical assistance to the wounded soldiers. She also prepared food and arranged water for the fighters.

Hazrat Umm Atiyah’s Pledge (Bay’ah)

Hazrat Umm Atiyah was among the women who pledged allegiance (Bay’ah) to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This pledge involved committing to Islamic principles and supporting the Prophet’s mission.

Hazrat Abu Musa Ash’ari

His name is Abdullah, his surname Abu Musa, and his father’s name is Qais. He belongs to the Qahtan tribe of Yemen, known as the Ash’ari family.

Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar

Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar died in Fustat in 65 Hijri at the age of 92.

Sahifa Sadiqah

The collection of the sayings of the Holy Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) was collected by Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-As (RA), and it was named Sahifa Sadiqah.

Blessing of Dawud (AS) for a Companion

There was one companion named Hazrat Abu Musa Ash’ari. He had an extraordinary passion and devotion for reciting the Holy Quran. His voice was so nice and melodious that the Holy Prophet used to say:

“He has got a share from the Mizmar of Dawud.”

Contentment and Gratitude

Meaning of Contentment

Contentment is the literal meaning of a person’s satisfaction with something according to one’s needs; that is, to be content and satisfied with what fulfills one’s needs.

Quranic Verses on Contentment and Gratitude

Translation of Quranic verse on contentment: [To the righteous it will be said], “O reassured soul, Return to your Lord, well-pleased and pleasing (to Him). And enter among My righteous servants, And enter My Paradise.” (89:27-30, Surah Al-Fajr)

Translation of Quranic verse on gratitude: “Therefore remember Me (by praying, glorifying, etc.). I will remember you, and be grateful to Me (for My countless favors on you) and never be ungrateful to Me.” (2:152, Surah Al-Baqarah)

Prophet’s Sayings on Contentment

The Prophet (SAW) said about contentment:

“The person who is successful is the one who embraced Islam and got sustenance as much as he needed and Allah gave him contentment with the sustenance He gave.” (Sahih Muslim 6242)

Meaning of Gratitude

Gratitude, in its literal meaning, is to acknowledge and express someone’s kindness and spread it by recognizing goodness. In Islamic terms, gratitude is to recognize, remember, and express the blessings of Allah (SWT) through heart, language, and actions.

Trust and Honesty

Meaning of Trust

Trust is associated with peace, promoting a sense of assurance, allaying fear, and involves safeguarding something. The concept of trust implies that when a person entrusts something to someone else and later requests its return, it should be given back without any alteration.

Meaning of Honesty

Honesty means integrity. It also implies that a person fulfills their assigned duties with faith and sincerity, without any sense of dishonesty.

Quranic Verses and Hadith on Trust and Honesty

Allah says in the Quran:

“…who are true to their trusts and their covenants.” (Surah Al-Mu’minun, 23:8)

Allah also says in the Quran:

“Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due.” (Surah An-Nisa, 4:58)

Hadith: “He who is not trustworthy has no faith.”

Examples of Integrity

Example 1: When our beloved Prophet (SAW) began inviting people to Islam, he gathered the people of Makkah and asked, “O people of Makkah! If I tell you that an army is approaching from behind the mountains, would you believe me?” They all answered in unison, “Yes!” All the people, without exception, swore by his truth and honesty because he lived among them for forty years, leading a blameless and pure life, and providing practical proof of honesty and trustworthiness.

Example 2: The people of Makkah had called the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him) Sadiq (truthful) and Amin (trustworthy) since his childhood. They used to entrust their possessions to him. Even those who did not accept his religion would leave their belongings in his care. When the Prophet migrated from Makkah to Madinah, he was still holding the possessions of others. He entrusted these belongings to Hazrat Ali to return them to their rightful owners.

Consequences of Appointing Unqualified Persons

When an incompetent or ignorant person is appointed to a position of authority, insecurity, injustice, and unrest are bound to spread in society.

Disadvantages of Dishonesty and Cheating

Dishonesty and deceit have several major negative consequences:

• The faith of a deceiver and dishonest person is extinguished, resulting in the ruin of both their worldly life and afterlife.
• As a consequence of deception and dishonesty, blessings in wealth disappear, and immorality, wrongdoing, and indecency rise.
• In society, ties of kinship and good conduct come to an end.

Jealousy and Envy

Difference Between Jealousy and Envy

Jealousy means feeling unhappy at someone else’s blessing and wishing for that blessing to be taken away from them.

Envy, however, means desiring a similar blessing without feeling sad about others having it or wishing for their blessing to be removed. Instead, it is simply the desire to have the same blessing as someone else.

The harm in jealousy is that it leads a person to wish for the downfall or loss of another’s happiness and blessings. If envy is directed towards something forbidden, it is not permissible, because a forbidden act remains forbidden, and thus, envy is also prohibited.

Harm Caused by Jealousy

A jealous person is one who burns with jealousy over others’ blessings. They cannot tolerate that Allah has blessed someone with a gift. Sometimes, this feeling remains internal, while at other times, it intensifies to the extent that the jealous person takes practical steps against the envied individual. This feeling may manifest through their words or actions, reflecting their inner turmoil.

Quranic Verse on Jealousy

Allah Ta’ala has said in the Holy Quran:

“I seek refuge from the evil of the jealous one when he is jealous.” (Surah Al-Falaq, 113:5)

Understanding Arrogance

Meaning of Arrogance

The word Takabbur (arrogance) comes from Kibr, which literally means ‘to see greatness’. The meaning of arrogance is that a person develops such a mental state or condition that they begin to consider themselves superior to others.

Condemnation of Arrogance

Arrogance and magnificence are only suited to Allah Almighty; therefore, whoever chooses arrogance and magnificence is competing with Allah Almighty. And whoever competes with Allah Almighty is far away from Allah’s mercy and is disliked by Allah Almighty.

Arrogance is such a major sin for which the Holy Quran has warned of punishment: “Is not the abode of the arrogant in Hell?” (Surah Az-Zumar, 39:60).

Avoiding Arrogance

The people of Allah used to treat arrogance with humility and modesty. Humility means that a person mingles with ordinary individuals and does not consider themselves superior to others; this way, one can avoid arrogance. One should cultivate a sense of the greatness of Allah in their heart, mind, and actions, understanding all their blessings as gifts from Allah, such as physical strength, mental capabilities, wealth, children, and every type of position.

Quranic Verse on Arrogance

Translation: Indeed, Allah does not like those who are arrogant and boastful. (Surah An-Nisa, 4:36)