Forestry Management of Pine and Oak Species in the Iberian Peninsula
Pine Species
Aleppo Pine
Pinus halepensis, commonly known as the Aleppo pine, is found in the southeast of the Iberian peninsula, the Balearic Islands, and some interior points. It prefers sunny areas with abundant rainfall. Forestry practices for Aleppo pine include thinning in the short term, followed by a large cut in the understory to promote regular mass.
Black Pine
Pinus nigra, commonly known as the black pine, is located in the interior of the peninsula, including Sierra Cazorla, Serrania de Cuenca, and the Pyrenees. It can be found in both shaded and sunny areas. In shaded areas, light forestry clearings are recommended, while in sunny areas, no forestry is advised due to poor regeneration.
Scots Pine
Pinus sylvestris, commonly known as the Scots pine, is found in the Pyrenees and interior points of the peninsula, including the Ebro River and Cazorla. Similar to black pine, it requires light, so thinning in the short term is the preferred forestry practice to create small clearings. Felling is not recommended due to poor regeneration in high-light conditions.
Stone Pine
Pinus pinea, commonly known as the stone pine, is found in the southwest of the peninsula, including Sierra Madrona, Montes de Toledo, La Gredos, Somosierra, Serrania de Cuenca, and the northeast of the peninsula (Creus Cape area). It is similar to Aleppo pine but prefers acidic soils. Forestry practices include biperiodic thinnings to promote pinion production.
Maritime Pine
Pinus pinaster, commonly known as the maritime pine, is found in the northwest and central areas of the peninsula, reaching the Mediterranean. There are two species: Atlantic and mesogenis. In the Atlantic species, clear cuts or thinning are implemented, while in the mesogenis species, a mild thinning is applied to maintain soil stability. Thinning every 20 years is recommended to achieve a regular or semi-regular mass.
Oak Species
Holm Oak
Quercus ilex, commonly known as the holm oak, is found in the Mediterranean region. It is indifferent to soil type but prefers loose, deep soils. It is drought-resistant and supports pruning well. Forestry practices focus on ensuring regeneration and protecting young trees from fire.
Cork Oak
Quercus suber, commonly known as the cork oak, is endemic to the western Mediterranean region. It prefers siliceous soils and is primarily used for cork production. Cork is harvested every 9 years, and the tree is rejuvenated as it ages. Acorns are also used to feed pigs.
Pyrenean Oak
Quercus pyrenaica, commonly known as the Pyrenean oak, is found in northern Spain and the Sierra Nevada. It can withstand flooding and poor soils. It requires moderate rainfall and is resistant to cold. Forestry practices are not specific to this species.
Gall Oak
Quercus faginea, commonly known as the gall oak, is found in the Mediterranean region. It is used for wood and firewood. Forestry practices are not specific to this species.
Common Oak
Quercus robur, commonly known as the common oak, is found in Galicia and Asturias. It prefers siliceous soils. Forestry practices include thinning and irregular small holes to promote ground cover. It is used for various purposes, including construction, shipbuilding, and cooperage.