Exploring the Diverse Ecosystems of the United Arab Emirates
About the Area
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is located in the southeastern Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. It is a federation of seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, and Umm Al Quwain. Abu Dhabi, the capital city, holds the majority of the country’s landmass and oil reserves.
Rich in Oil and Urbanization
The UAE has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization, transforming into a modern nation with advanced infrastructure. However, this progress has come at a cost to the natural environment, impacting marine, coastal, and mountain ecosystems.
Desert Landscapes
The UAE’s primary terrestrial habitat is sandy desert, characterized by sparse seasonal vegetation. The vast Rub al Khali desert, also known as the ‘Empty Quarter,’ dominates Abu Dhabi. Efforts are underway to introduce greenery through forestry projects and develop farms to support local communities.
Sea and Coast
The Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, recognized as Eco-region 232: Arabian Sea by WWF, harbor valuable ecosystems such as islands, coral reefs, seagrass beds, intertidal zones, salt marshes, tidal inlets (‘khors’), and mangroves.
Freshwater Resources
Freshwater is scarce in the UAE, with limited sources found in deep gorges (‘wadis’) within the mountains, salt flats (‘sabkhas’), and artificial lakes. The UAE boasts some of the world’s most extensive and well-developed ‘sabkhas.’
Mountain Ranges
The Hajjar Mountains play a crucial role as a rain catchment area, replenishing groundwater. These mountains provide refuge for unique wildlife, including the Arabian leopard and the endemic Arabian tahr. The region is part of Ecoregion 127: Arabian Highland Woodlands and Shrublands, shared with Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.
A Mix of Asian and African Species
Despite its size, the UAE is home to a diverse range of species, primarily originating from Asia or Africa.
Terrestrial Life
The UAE’s desert and mountain regions support various adapted species, such as the sand cat with its furry paws and the water-efficient oryx. However, rapid development poses a threat to their habitats, raising concerns for species like the Arabian tahr (Hemitragus jayakari) and Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr).
Marine Life
The UAE’s marine environment is rich in fish, plants, and corals. The Arabian Gulf hosts significant populations of dugongs (Dugong dugon), dolphins, and marine turtles, including the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Coral reefs and mangrove creeks serve as vital breeding grounds and feeding areas for marine life.
Birdlife
The UAE serves as a crucial stopover for migratory birds, with around 400 species recorded. Approximately 90 species breed in the region, particularly on islands like Qarnein Island, recognized as a ‘Gift to the Earth’ by WWF International for its breeding populations of sooty gulls (Larus hemprichii), white-cheeked terns (Sterna repressa), bridled terns (Sterna anaethetus), and lesser crested terns (Sterna bengalensis).
Environmental Challenges
The UAE faces environmental challenges associated with rapid development and urbanization. Habitat loss, overfishing, overgrazing, waste management issues, and pollution are growing concerns. The high demand for water, particularly for green spaces and agriculture, is depleting groundwater resources.
Ecological Footprint
The UAE’s per capita Ecological Footprint is among the highest globally, indicating a significant impact on the planet’s resources. Efforts are needed to promote sustainable practices and reduce the country’s environmental footprint.
Tourism and Awareness
While tourism contributes to the economy, it also impacts fragile ecosystems, particularly in the Hajjar Mountains and coastal areas. Raising awareness about environmental conservation and responsible tourism practices is crucial.
The UAE government and non-governmental organizations are actively addressing environmental concerns. However, fostering a deeper understanding of the link between lifestyles and environmental impact remains essential for sustainable development in the region.