Exploring Characters and Art in Medieval England
The Knight: A Paragon of Chivalry
The Knight, the first pilgrim introduced in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, embodies the ideals of medieval chivalry. His high social standing is matched by his humility and noble character. He prioritizes his horse’s well-being, showcasing his kindness. The Knight’s stained tunic reflects his participation in numerous battles, including the Crusades.
The Knight’s Son: A Youthful Squire
The Knight’s son, a squire of about 20 years old, contrasts with his father’s seriousness. He is a joyful and handsome young man who enjoys singing, playing the flute, writing poetry, and dancing. Unlike his father, the Squire is more focused on amusement than the spiritual journey of the pilgrimage.
The Wife of Bath: A Bold and Experienced Woman
The Wife of Bath, a seamstress and seasoned traveler, is a complex and intriguing character. Married five times with numerous affairs in her youth, she is well-versed in the art of love and marriage. She enjoys fine clothing, lively conversation, and a good argument. Her deafness in one ear and gap-toothed smile were considered attractive during Chaucer’s time. The Wife’s scarlet stockings and expensive attire reflect her wealth and status.
A Woman of the World
The Wife of Bath’s extensive travels and multiple marriages have given her a unique perspective on life. She is intelligent and resourceful, using her experiences to navigate a society where women had limited independence. The Wife strategically uses her body as a bargaining tool to gain control over her husbands.
The Prioress: A Nun with Worldly Tastes
The Prioress, also known as Madame Eglantine, is a seemingly pious nun with a love for jewelry and fine dining. She attempts to appear sophisticated by speaking French, albeit a London-learned version. Her small forehead, contrary to the belief that a large forehead signifies intelligence, adds to the satirical portrayal of her character. The Prioress’s devotion to Saint Eloy, the patron saint of jewelers, is evident in her gold brooch inscribed with “Love conquers all.”
Anglo-Saxon Art: A Legacy of Craftsmanship
Religious and Mythological Symbols
Anglo-Saxon art is rich in symbolism, often blending Christian and pagan elements. The processional cross, once a potential weapon in battle, represents the fusion of religion and warfare. The golden belt buckle depicting Odin, the Norse god, showcases the influence of pagan beliefs. The great gold buckle with intertwined snakes alludes to the myth of the world serpent, while the helmet adorned with boars symbolizes fertility and protection.
Intricate Designs and Cultural Exchange
The Sutton Hoo shoulder clasps, with their intricate serpent patterns and boar motifs, demonstrate the sophistication and international connections of the Anglo-Saxons. The Franks Casket, carved from whalebone, depicts scenes from Germanic myths, Roman legends, and Christian stories, highlighting the cultural exchange of the time.
Exploring English Art Forms
Music: From Folk Songs to Choral Masterpieces
“Summer is Coming In,” the oldest surviving English folk song, reflects the language of the common people during a time of significant change. Thomas Tallis’s “Spem in Alium,” a complex choral composition with 40 simultaneous melodies, showcases the ambition of English music during the Tudor era.
Architecture: Canterbury Cathedral and Gothic Innovation
The Canterbury Cathedral, a pilgrimage destination following the canonization of Thomas Becket, features intricate carvings of mythical creatures and biblical scenes. The cathedral’s Gothic architecture, with its pointed arches and spacious interior, was a revolutionary design introduced by William of Sens.
Sculpture: Renaissance Influence in Royal Tombs
The tomb of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, created by Torrigiano, marks a shift towards Renaissance style in English sculpture. The lifelike effigies, classical motifs, and Italian cherubs reflect the influence of Italian masters like Donatello and Michelangelo.
Painting: Symbolism and the Passage of Time
Holbein’s painting “The Ambassadors” portrays two wealthy and accomplished men alongside a distorted skull, a reminder of mortality. The objects on the shelves symbolize the heavens and earth, representing a world that mankind seeks to understand and control.