Essential Science Concepts and Global Trade Principles
Core Scientific Definitions
- Scientific Study: A systematic process of acquiring knowledge about the natural world through observation, experimentation, and logical analysis.
- Kingdom Monera: Unicellular prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and cyanobacteria.
- Organs of Righteousness: In a moral context, the five sense organs and five organs of action used for good deeds.
- Newton’s First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- Simple Device: A mechanical tool that changes force magnitude or direction (e.g., lever, pulley).
- Thermonuclear Fusion: A reaction where light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing massive energy.
- Ohm’s Law: Current is directly proportional to potential difference (V = IR).
- Non-atomic Particles: Subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Unit: A standard quantity used to express physical measurements.
- Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
Physics and Chemistry Fundamentals
Scientific Notation and Calculations
- Scientific Notation: Facilitates calculations with extremely large or small numbers (e.g., 0.000421 = 4.21 × 10⁻⁴).
- Frequency Calculation: If T = 3s, then f = 1/T ≈ 0.33 Hz.
- Resultant Force: F = m × a.
Chemical Principles
- Use of Hydrogen: Clean fuel for rockets and industrial hydrogenation.
- Mercury Toxicity: Can cause Minamata disease and severe neurological damage.
- Methane: A covalent compound formed by electron sharing.
Biological and Environmental Science
- Binomial Nomenclature: A formal naming system using genus and species (e.g., Homo sapiens).
- Insulin Function: Regulates blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake.
- Bridge Animals: Species like Archaeopteryx (reptile-bird link) and the Duck-billed Platypus (reptile-mammal link).
- Ozone Layer: Protects Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Overview of Global Trade Regulation
The World Trade Organization (WTO), established on January 1, 1995, is the sole international body regulating global trade rules. Based in Geneva, it manages trade agreements for 164 member nations.
Core Economic Principles
- Most-Favored-Nation (MFN): Treating all trading partners equally.
- National Treatment: Treating local and foreign goods equally.
The WTO aims to ensure smooth, predictable trade, fostering economic stability and growth while managing disputes through its Dispute Settlement Body.