Essential Management and Organizational Behavior Concepts
Management Functions and Theories
Core Management Functions
- Planning
- Organising
- Directing
- Staffing
- Controlling
Fayol’s 14 Principles
- Division of Work
- Authority & Responsibility
- Discipline
- Unity of Command
- Unity of Direction
- Subordination of Individual Interest
- Remuneration
- Scalar Chain
- Order
- Equity
- Stability of Tenure of Personnel
- Initiative
- Esprit de Corps
Taylor’s Scientific Management
- Science, Not Rule of Thumb
- Cooperation, Not Individualism
- Development of Workers
- Maximum, Not Restricted Output
- Division of Responsibility
- Mental Revolution
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiological
- Security
- Social
- Esteem
- Self-Actualisation
Leadership Styles
- Autocratic
- Democratic
- Laissez-faire
Planning and Decision Making
- Planning Process: Goal Setting, Premises, Plan Alternatives, Selecting Plan, Evaluating Plan, Implementing Plan, Controlling.
- Decision Making Process: Problem Identification, Information Collection, Alternative Generation, Selecting Alternative, Implementing Decision, Evaluation, Review.
Unit 3: Organizational Behavior (OB)
Nature and Characteristics
- Nature: Human Behaviour, Continuous Process, Interdisciplinary, Systematic, Behavioural Science, Theory-oriented, Organisational Focus.
- Characteristics: Human Orientation, Individual Differences, Cause & Effect, System Approach, Behavioural Focus, Total View, Development Orientation.
Importance and Approaches
- Importance: Improves Performance, Increases Job Satisfaction, Improves Interpersonal Relations, Increases Productivity, Helps in Change, Achieves Goals.
- Approaches to OB: Human Resources Approach, Systems Approach, Contingency Approach, Contemporary Approach.
Models and Elements
- Models of OB: Autocratic, Custodial, Supportive, Collegial, System.
- Key Elements: People, Structure, Technology, Environment.
- OB Functions: Understanding, Predicting, and Controlling Behaviour; Improving Performance.
Unit 4: Individual and Group Dynamics
- Personality Determinants: Heredity, Environment, Situation.
- Perception Process: Selection, Organisation, Interpretation, Response, Reaction.
- Gestalt Principles: Proximity, Similarity, Figure and Ground, Closure, Continuity.
- Big Five Model (OCEAN): Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
- Organisational Culture: Shared Values & Beliefs, Strong Culture, Weak Culture.
- Organisational Climate: Employee Perception, Work Environment.
- Factors Affecting Culture: Philosophy, Leadership Style, Structure, Technology, Legal System, Environment, People, Quality of Workforce.
Unit 2: Principles of Organisation
Core Principles
Unity of Objective, Specialization, Authority, Scalar Chain, Exception, Balance.
Types of Organisation Structure
- Line: Simple chain of command.
- Functional: Grouped by specialties.
- Line & Staff: Line managers with specialist advisors.
- Project: Temporary teams for specific tasks.
- Matrix: Dual reporting to functional and project managers.
- Committee: Collective decision-making.
- Virtual: Digital and remote operations.
- Boundaryless: Minimal formal departmental barriers.
- Lean: Reduced layers to minimize waste.
- Tall: Many levels with narrow spans of control.
- Flat: Few levels with wide spans of control.
- Inverted: Management supports frontline employees.
- Pyramid: Traditional hierarchical structure.
- Cellular: Semi-independent self-contained units.
Unit 5: Communication, Groups, and Ethics
- Communication Process: Sender, Encoding, Receiver, Message, Channel.
- Types of Teams: Problem Solving, Self-Managed, Cross-Functional, Virtual.
- Team Development Stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.
- Transactional Analysis: Parent, Adult, Child.
- Types of Transactions: Complementary, Crossed, Ulterior.
- Business Ethics: Honesty, Fairness, Accountability.