Essential Anatomy, Bone Health, and First Aid Basics

Posted on Sep 9, 2026 in Physical Education

1. Essential Anatomy: Body Parts

  • Head / Skull: Cabeza / Cráneo
  • Neck: Cuello
  • Shoulder: Hombro
  • Chest / Ribs: Pecho / Costillas
  • Spine: Columna vertebral
  • Arm / Forearm: Brazo / Antebrazo
  • Elbow: Codo
  • Wrist: Muñeca
  • Hand / Fingers: Mano / Dedos de la mano
  • Pelvis / Hip: Pelvis / Cadera
  • Thigh / Leg: Muslo / Pierna
  • Knee: Rodilla
  • Ankle: Tobillo
  • Foot / Toes: Pie / Dedos del pie

2. Health Vocabulary and Synonyms

  • Obtain: Get (Obtener)
  • Optimal: Perfect (Óptimo / Perfecto)
  • Nutrition: Necessary food for growth (Nutrición)
  • Vital: Important (Vital / Importante)
  • Fortified: Made stronger (Fortificado / Reforzado)
  • Absorb: Take in (Absorber)
  • Dietary: In relation to food/drink (Dietético)
  • Bump: Hit something, especially part of your body, on something (Golpear algo con el cuerpo)
  • Fall over: Lose your balance and go down (Tropezar y caer)
  • Examine: Look at carefully (Examinar, revisar con cuidado)
  • Sting: Feel a sharp pain (Sentir un dolor punzante)
  • Assess: Make a judgment of the quality or state of something (Evaluar)
  • Observation: The act of watching something or someone carefully (Observación)
  • Procedure: A special way of doing something (Procedimiento)
  • Slide over: Move over in an easy manner (Deslizarse suavemente)

3. Space Exploration Context

  • Gravity: The force that pulls to the Earth’s center
  • Prolonged: Lasting for a long period of time
  • Mission: An important job a group of people has to do
  • Colony: An area occupied by settlers from another place
  • Crew: A group of people who work together closely
  • Exploration: Researching an unfamiliar area
  • Conduct: Organize and carry out
  • Survival: Continuing to live despite problems or danger

4. First Aid: CPR Sequence

Follow this Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation sequence carefully:

  1. Check the scene for danger.
  2. If it is safe, check the person.
  3. Call out to the person.
  4. If the person does not answer, call 911.
  5. Check if the person is breathing.
  6. Open the airway by moving the head and lifting the chin up.
  7. If there is no normal breathing, give two quick breaths.
  8. Look to see if the chest is rising.
  9. If breaths go in, start chest compressions.
  10. Do 30 compressions.
  11. Repeat compressions and breaths until help arrives or the person is breathing normally.

5. Bone Health and Sports Injuries

The Human Skeleton

  • Total bones in adult skeleton: 206 bones.
  • Types of bones:
    • Long: Arms and legs
    • Short: Wrist and ankle
    • Flat: Skull and ribs
    • Irregular: Face
    • Sesamoid: Hands, feet, and knees
  • Bone functions: Support the body, protect organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals.

Nutrition and Care

  • Key nutrients for bones: Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Magnesium.
  • Function of Vitamin D: Helps bones absorb calcium.
  • Sources of Vitamin D: Sunlight, fatty fish, eggs, and fortified foods (orange juice, cereal).
  • Non-dairy sources of calcium: Oranges, soy, white beans, spinach, kale, and broccoli.

Common Running Injuries

  • Common injury areas: Legs, knees, ankles, feet, and hips.
  • Main cause of heel pain: Overuse, poor foot support, and running on hard surfaces.

6. Key Questions on the Skeletal System and Injuries

How many bones are in the human body?
The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones. (El esqueleto adulto tiene 206 huesos).

What do bones do?
They provide the frame that protects the organs, supports the body, and works with muscles to help movement. (Protegen órganos, dan soporte y ayudan al movimiento).

What type of bones are found in the arms and legs?
Long bones (Huesos largos).

Where are sesamoid bones found?
In the hands, feet, and knees (Manos, pies y rodillas).

What vitamins and minerals are important to bone health?
Calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus.

What does Vitamin D do?
It helps the body absorb calcium. Sources include sunlight, fortified milk, and fish.