English Writing Structures and Grammar Reference
Informal E-mail
From: [Your Email]
To: [Recipient Email]
Subject: [Brief Subject]
Hi ______,
It’s been ages! I’m really sorry I haven’t written lately, but I’ve been completely swamped. I hope everything’s going well with you.
Anyway, I just had to tell you about ____.
You’re not going to believe what happened. So, last ____ I decided to ____.
Write back soon and let me know how you’ve been. I’d love to hear all your news!
Take care,
Lots of love,
Paula
Grammar: Conditionals
- Present: 2nd Conditional
- Past: 3rd Conditional
- Negative Condition: UNLESS + affirmative verb in the same tense
Grammar: Inversions
- Negative Adverb: Negative Adverb + Aux (do/have) + Subject + Main Verb
- Expression: Expression + Subject + Verb in Past
- Not Only: Not only + do/does/did + Subject + Verb + but also + rest of sentence
- No Sooner: No sooner + had + Subject + Participle (1st action) + than + Past Simple (2nd action)
Description: Place
One of the most [adjective] places in the world is [Place], because it offers an unparalleled combination of [historical architecture] and [rich cultural heritage].
To begin with, the physical layout of this location is nothing short of spectacular. The landscape is characterized by [natural or architectural features], making it vastly more stunning than many other destinations. Moreover, the surroundings boast a unique charm. If a traveler were to wander through its [historic streets / lively squares / scenic paths], they would instantly be captivated by the sheer beauty of the [monuments / views / architecture].
Secondly, the overall experience of visiting [Place] is utterly unforgettable. The local cuisine is exquisite, and the welcoming atmosphere brings about a profound sense of tranquility. Furthermore, getting around the area is significantly easier than one might initially expect, thanks to an outstanding public transport system. If you have the opportunity to explore its hidden gems, you will discover the true essence of the local heritage.
To sum up, [Place] is a very special place since it seamlessly merges traditional charm with contemporary vitality. I strongly recommend visiting this extraordinary destination at least once in a lifetime, as it is highly unlikely you will ever forget the experience.
Grammar: Perfect Modals
- 100% Certainty (Yes): Subject + must have + Vpp
- 100% Certainty (No): Subject + can’t have + Vpp
- Doubt: Subject + may/might have + Vpp
- Regret: Subject + should have + Vpp
Description: Negative Place
One of the most [negative adjective] places in the world is [Place], because it offers a truly dreadful combination of [negative element 1] and [negative element 2].
To begin with, the physical layout of this location is nothing short of disastrous. The landscape is primarily characterized by [negative visual element], making it vastly more [comparative adjective] than many other destinations. Moreover, the surroundings completely fail to live up to expectations. If a traveler were to wander through its [negative places], they would instantly be overwhelmed by the sheer [negative noun] of the area.
Secondly, the overall experience of visiting [Place] is utterly forgettable for all the wrong reasons. The local cuisine is [negative adjective], and the hostile atmosphere brings about a profound sense of frustration. Furthermore, getting around the area is significantly more complicated than one might initially expect, due to a highly inefficient public transport system. If you have the misfortune to explore its main attractions, you will quickly discover [negative aspect].
To sum up, [Place] is a very [adjective] place since it completely lacks any traditional charm or modern convenience. I strongly advise against visiting this highly overrated destination, as it is highly unlikely you will ever want to return.
Word Transformation: Professions
- Noun Root: + -ist
- Verb Root: + -er/-or
Description: Person
One of the most [adjective] people in my life is [Name], primarily because he/she has completely shaped my understanding of [topic].
To begin with, [Name] possesses a rather striking physical presence that immediately stands out in any crowd. Visually speaking, he/she is considerably more [adjective] than most individuals, owing to his/her [physical trait 1] and [physical trait 2]. Moreover, he/she usually opts for [clothing style] attire. If one were to encounter him/her for the first time, one would undoubtedly notice his/her [physical trait 3] and confident demeanor.
On the other hand, it is beneath the surface where his/her true character shines. He/She is exceptionally [adjective 1], [adjective 2], and [adjective 3]. I have always looked up to him/her due to his/her unwavering [quality]. In fact, he/she is far more [adjective] than anyone else I know. Had it not been for his/her invaluable advice, I would never have achieved my current [goals].
To sum up, [Name] is a very special person since he/she consistently brings out the best in those around him/her. I feel profoundly fortunate to have crossed paths with someone of such remarkable caliber, and my admiration for him/her continues to grow every single day.
Word Transformation: Advanced
- Emotion Adjectives: Person (-ed) / Thing (-ing)
- Negative Prefixes: Adjectives (il-/im-/ir-/un-) / Verbs (dis-)
- Abstract Nouns: Adjectives (-ness/-ity) / Verbs (-ment/-ion/-ation/-ing)
Pros and Cons Essay
In recent years, the issue of [general topic] has sparked considerable debate. While some individuals firmly believe that this practice offers tremendous benefits, others argue that its drawbacks are equally significant. Therefore, it is crucial to examine both sides of the argument before drawing any definitive conclusions.
On the one hand, there is a strong argument to be made in favour of [topic]. First and foremost, [first advantage]. Not only does this foster [secondary benefit 1], but it also provides a unique opportunity to [secondary benefit 2]. Furthermore, navigating this experience is often significantly more enriching than [comparison]. If an individual were to fully embrace this opportunity, they would undoubtedly discover [final advantage].
Conversely, one must carefully consider the potential downsides. A primary concern is that [first disadvantage]. To make matters worse, [second disadvantage]. Were one to ignore these challenges, it would inevitably result in [negative consequence]. Consequently, it is abundantly clear that this situation brings about [general disadvantage] for those involved.
To sum up, the debate regarding [topic] is highly complex and multifaceted. Although the advantages, such as [summary of a pro], are undeniable, the negative implications cannot be easily dismissed. Ultimately, a balanced approach is required, and one must weigh the pros and cons carefully before making a final decision.
Formal Letter: Complaint
Dear Sir or Madam, (or Dear Mr./Ms. [Surname])
I am writing to express my total dissatisfaction with the appalling service I experienced at one of your [establishment] on [date].
The primary issue was [main complaint]. Not only was [second complaint], but also [third complaint]. To make matters worse, [the worst problem]. It is completely unacceptable that [explanation].
Under these circumstances, I expect [demand]. Furthermore, I strongly urge you to [action required] to ensure this situation is never repeated.
I hope that you will look into this situation as a matter of some urgency, and that the service offered by your company will improve. I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.
Yours faithfully (if Sir/Madam) / Yours sincerely (if Surname),
Paula
Grammar: Passive & Causative
- Passive Voice: Present (am/is/are + Vpp), Past (was/were + Vpp), Will (will be + Vpp), Present Perfect (have/has been + Vpp)
- Causative: Subject + have (conjugated) + Object + Past Participle
- Impersonal: It + to be (conjugated) + Vpp (belief) + that…
Job Application
Dear Sir or Madam, (or Dear Mr./Ms. [Surname])
I am writing to apply for the position of [Job Title], as recently advertised on [source].
Regarding my academic background, I hold a degree in [Degree] from the University of [University]. Furthermore, my qualifications include [extra certificates].
In terms of my professional experience, I was previously employed as a [Previous Job] by [Company], where I developed my skills in [Skill 1] and [Skill 2]. I am confident that my background makes me a strong candidate for this role.
Please find my CV enclosed for your consideration. I thank you for your time and would be available to attend an interview at your earliest convenience. Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Yours faithfully (if Sir/Madam) / Yours sincerely (if Surname),
Paula
Grammar: Reported Speech
- Tense Shift: Present Simple → Past Simple; Present Continuous → Past Continuous; Past Simple/Present Perfect → Past Perfect; Will/Can → Would/Could
- Time/Place: This → That; Now → Then; Here → There; Yesterday → The day before; Tomorrow → The next day
Letter of Appreciation
Dear [Title and Surname / Sir or Madam],
I am writing to express my sincere gratitude for the opportunity to [reason] at [institution] over the past [time period].
I sincerely appreciate the time and effort you dedicated to [specific action]. Your guidance and support have been absolutely invaluable to me. Not only did I gain [benefit 1], but I also had the privilege of [benefit 2].
Owing to your mentorship, I now feel much more confident and fully prepared to [future goal]. Once again, thank you for your kindness, trust, and support. Please do not hesitate to reach out should you ever require my assistance in the future.
Yours sincerely (if Surname) / Yours faithfully (if Sir/Madam),
Paula
Grammar: Reported Questions & Orders
- Wh- Questions: Subject + asked + Wh- word + Subject + backshifted verb
- Yes/No Questions: Subject + asked + if + Subject + backshifted verb
- Orders (+): Subject + told/ordered me + to + infinitive
- Orders (-): Subject + told/ordered me + not to + infinitive
Request for Information
Dear [Title and Surname / Sir or Madam],
I am writing to inquire about [topic]. I am particularly interested in [specific aspect] and would like to request further details.
First and foremost, I would appreciate it if you could send me information regarding [question 1]. Furthermore, I would like to know whether [question 2]. Additionally, it would be highly helpful to receive details concerning [question 3].
I would be grateful if you could reply at your earliest convenience. Thank you in advance for your assistance.
Yours sincerely, (si usaste apellido) / Yours faithfully, (si usaste Sir/Madam) (PONER DEBAJO TU NOMBRE PARA CERRAR LA CARTA) PAULA