English Vocabulary and Grammar Review
Posted on May 12, 2024 in English
1. Vocabulary
Unit 5
- Behind bars: Detrás de
- Breed: Raza / generación
- Bypass: Evitar
- Cell: Celda
- Charge with: Cargar con
- Comply: Cumplir
- Concerned: Preocupado
- Convict: Recluso
- Court: Tribunal
- Defy: Desobedecer
- Enforce: Aplicar/hacer cumplir
- Fine: Multa
- Forbidden: Prohibido
- Gambling: Apuestas
- Get into trouble: Meterse en líos
- Go straight: Seguir recto
- Grab: Agarrar
- Guilty: Culpable
- Let (someone) off the hook: Dejar (a alguien) libre
- Offender/Outlaw: Delincuente fuera de la ley
- Pool: Piscina
- Repeal: Derogar
- Reward: Recompensa
- Robbery: Robo
- Shoplifting: Robo en tiendas
- Term: Plazo
- Theft: Robo
- Think through: Reflexionar
- Thoroughly: A fondo
- Trial: Ensayo
- Burglary: Robo con fuerza
- Pay (one’s) debt to society: Pagar la deuda con la sociedad
- Hardened criminal: Criminal curtido
- Punishment: Castigo
- Inmate: Preso
- Life of crime: Vida criminal
- Shoplifter: Ladrón
- Vandalise: Vandalizar
Unit 6
- Average: Media/promedio
- Fossil fuel: Combustibles fósiles
- Beast: Bestia/fiera
- Greenhouse effect: Efecto invernadero
- Carbon footprint: Huella de carbono
- Crop: Cosecha
- Hazardous: Peligroso
- Dump: Vertedero
- Insulate: Aislar
- Eco-friendly: Ecológico
- Knock down: Derribar
- Endangered: En peligro de extinción
- Landfill: Vertedero
- Flooding: Inundaciones
- Large-scale: A gran escala
- Layer: Capa
- Slow down: Reducir la velocidad
- Leak: Fuga
- Thaw: Descongelar
- Melt: Fundir
- Trample: Pisotear
- Moisture: Humedad
- Vast: Vasto
- Plain: Llano
- Waste: Residuos
- Revive: Revivir
- Sink: Fregadero
- Annoying: Molesto
- Ash: Ceniza
- Proposal: Propuesta
- Scheme: Esquema
- Seabed: Fondo marino
- The point of no return: El punto de no retorno
2. Word Building
- Restrict: Restriction – Restrictive/Restricted
- Comply: Compliance – Compliant
- Defy: Defiance – Defiant
- Encourage: Encouragement – Encouraged/Encouraging
- Prevent: Prevention – Preventive/Preventable
- Horrify: Horror – Horrible/Horrifying
- Disappear: Disappearance – Disappearing
- Begin: Beginning
- Know: Knowledge – Knowing
- Emit: Emission
- Expose: Exposure/Exposition – Exposed
3. Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerund: -ing
- After prepositions (He is interested in collecting coins).
- Subject of the sentence (Smoking is not healthy).
- After some verbs: avoid, consider, continue, detest, dislike, enjoy, finish, miss, recommend, suggest.
- Stop / remember / forget (I stopped smoking 2 years ago).
Infinitive: to
- After an adjective (It is easy to do this exercise).
- After some verbs: afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish.
- After the pronoun/indirect object (I told him to close the door).
- Stop / remember / forget (We stopped to see the amazing views).
4. Rewrites
Modals + Modal Perf.
- Should/Ought to: Advice
- Must/Have to: Obligation
- Mustn’t: Prohibition
- Don’t have to: Absence of obligation
- Can/Could: Ability, permission, possibility, certainty
- May/Might: Possibility
- Be able to: Ability
He should + have + past participle
Reported Speech
- Make → Made
- Is making → Was making
- Made → Had made
- Was making → Had been making
- Has made → Had made
- Has been making → Had been making
- Had made → Had made
- Had been making → Had been making
- Will be making → Would be making
- Can → Could
- May → Might
- Must/Have to → Had to
- Now → Then
- Today → That day
- Tonight → That night
- Yesterday → The day before
- Last week → The week before
- A month ago → The month before
- Tomorrow → The following day
- Next week → The following week
- Here → There
- This → That
- These → Those
Questions: Subject and then Verb
- “Where do you buy your clothes?” asked Mary. → Mary asked me where I bought my clothes.
- “How did you arrive home, Peter?” asked Barbara. → Barbara asked Peter how he had arrived home.
Yes/No Questions
- “Did you watch the film yesterday?” asked James. → James asked if I had watched the film the day before.
