English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide
Posted on May 5, 2024 in Teaching & Education
Vocabulary
Education and Work
1. Education and Training
- Vocational training: formación profesional
- University: universidad
- Gap year: año sabático
- Apprenticeship: curso de formación
- Voluntary work: trabajo voluntario
- Full time: jornada completa
2. Money
- Borrow money: pedir
- Earn a wage: ganar salario
- Get a grant: beca
- Get into debt: endeudarse
- Owe money: deber dinero
- Pay back a loan: préstamo
- Pay fees: tasas impuesto
- Pay rent: hipoteca
3. Academic Subjects
- Astronomy: astronomía
- Biology: biología
- Chemistry: química
- Engineering: ingeniería
- Geology: geología
- Mathematics: matemáticas
- Medicine: medicina
- Neurology: neurología
- Physics: física
- Psychology: psicología
4. Verbs
- Go over: revisar
- Set up: montar
- Carry out: realizar
- Find out: averiguar
- Try out: probar
- Look into: investigar
5. Adjectives
- User-friendly: fácil de usar
- Groundbreaking: innovador
- Man-made: artificial
- Never-ending: interminable
- Trouble-free: sin complicaciones
- Mass-produced: producido en masa
- Time-saving: ahorra tiempo
- Life-saving: salva vidas
Crime
6. Types of Crime
- Assault: asalto
- Blackmail: chantaje
- Bullying: acoso
- Burglary: robo, allanamiento de morada
- Cybercrime: ciberdelito
- Fraud: fraude
- Kidnapping: secuestro
- Mugging: atraco
- Murder: asesinato
- Robbery: robo
- Shoplifting: hurto en tiendas
- Theft: robo
- Vandalism: vandalismo
7. Law and Order
- Court: tribunal
- Crime scene: escena del crimen
- Criminal: criminal
- Detective: detective
- Judge: juez
- Lawyer: abogado
- Police station: estación de policía
- Prison: prisión
- Serial killer: asesino en serie
- Suspect: sospechoso
- Thief: ladrón
- Victim: víctima
- Witness: testigo
Society and Environment
8. Adjectives
- Active
- Careless
- Conventional
- Powerful
- Reasonable
- Responsible
- Boring
- Amazed
- Shocked
- Predictable
- Harmful
- Painless
- Supportive
- Logical
9. Environment
- Fossil fuels: combustibles fósiles
- Deforestation: deforestación
- Floods: inundación
- Global warming: calentamiento global
- Greenhouse effect: efecto invernadero
- Landfills: vertedero
- Pollution: contaminación
- Recycling: reciclaje
- Forest fires: incendios forestales
- Renewable energy: energía renovable
Social Issues
1. Environment
- Carbon emissions
- Endangered species
- Ozone layer
- Oil slick
- Rainforest
- Toxic waste
- Sea level
- Soil erosion
- Solar power
- Climate change
2. Phrasal Verbs
- Throwaway: tirar
- Give up: dejar de
- Give off: arrojar
- Use up: agotar
- Cut down: reducir
- Do without: arreglárselas sin
3. Social Issues
- Equal pay: igualdad salarial
- Gender discrimination: discriminación por sexo
- Homeless: sin hogar
- Income: ingresos
- Life expectancy: esperanza de vida
- Literacy: alfabetización
- Malnutrition
- Nursery school: guardería
- Obesity
- Retirement: jubilación
- Sanitation
- Shanty town: barrio chabolas
- Standard of living: nivel de vida
- Tax: impuestos
- Unemployment: parado
4. Expressions
- Make a complaint
- Have an opportunity
- Do any harm
- Do me a favor
- Make a mistake
- Have a good time
- Do business
- Have an argument
5. Social Problems
- Unemployment
- Sanitation
- Homelessness
- Obesity
- Ignorance
Grammar
Adjectives and Adverbs
6. Adjective/Adverb Pairs
- Beautiful/beautifully
- Nervous/nervously
- Good/well
- Quick/quickly
- Local/locally
- Patient/patiently
Relative Clauses
- Who/that (personas)
- Which/that (cosas o ideas)
- Whose (posesión)
- Where (lugar)
- When (tiempo)
Modal Verbs
- Seguidos + vd infinitivo sin to, no auxiliar do en negativa y ?: obligación: must, have. ausencia de obligación: don’t have, need. prohibición: can’t, mustn’t. consejo: should, ought. habilidad: can, could. certeza/posibilidad: must, might.
Gerunds and Infinitives
- Gerundio + inf: gerundio: detrás preposiciones, sujeto de oración, complemento de vb, con algunos vb (avoid, can’t help, don’t mind, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, imagine, mention, mind, suggest.
- Infinitive: detrás muchos adj, explicar intención, algunos vb (afford, hope, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, want, wish.
Suffixes
- -ful (care, doubt, harm, help, hope, pain, success)
- -al (accident, environment, logic, music, origin, politic, profession)
- -ive (act, attract, create, decide, effect, support)
- -able (afford, avoid, believe, depend, enjoy, predict, reason, rely, value)
- -ible (access, convert, digest)
Passive Voice
- Simple present (write – is written)
- Present continuous (is writing – is being written)
- Simple past (wrote – was written)
- Past continuous (was writing – was being written)
- Present perfect simple (has written – has been written)
- Past perfect simple (had written – had been written)
- Future (will write – will be written)
- Is going to write – is going to be written
- Can write – can be written
- Should have written – should have been written
Conditional Sentences
- 0: presente simple = presente simple (If you boil an egg, it goes hard)
- 1: present simple = will + vb (If you insulate your house, you will save energy)
- 2: past simple = would/might/could + vb (If we used renewable energy, we would reduce carbon emissions)
- 3: past perfect = would have + participio (If I had known about the floods, I would have stayed at home.)
Direct and Indirect Speech
- Present simple (drink – drank) past simple
- Present continuous (are reading – were reading) past continuous
- Past simple (arrived – had arrived) past perfect
- Present perfect (have seen – had seen) past perfect
- Will (will visit – would visit) would
- (Can – could) / (may – might)
- // my – her, this/these – that/those, now – then, / today – that day, / yesterday – the day before / tomorrow – the next day / next – the following / last – the previous / ago – before
- She said that – she told me
