English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide
Personality Adjectives
Ambitious: Ambicioso * Still: Todavía
Amusing: Divertido * Already: Ya
Assertive: Autoritario * Yet: Todavía (pero…)
Awkward: Incómodo * Just: Solo
Confident: Seguro * For: Para
Creative: Creativo * Since: Desde
Easy-going: Fácil de llevar.
Entertaining: Entretenido
Generous: Generoso
Indecisive: Indeciso
Likeable: Simpático
Nervous: Nervioso
Outgoing: Extrovertido
Quiet: Silencioso
Responsible: Responsable.
Risk-taker: Tomador de riesgo.
Rude: Grosero.
Self-confident: Seguro de sí mismo
Self-conscious: Consciente.
Selfish: Egoísta.
Show-off: Presumir.
Shy: Tímido.
Sociable: Sociable.
The soul of the party: El alma de la fiesta.
Thoughtless: Inconsiderado.
Unkind: Poco amable/cruel.
Comparison Words
Alike: Igual.
Similar: Similar.
As: Como * Same: Mismo.
Phrasal Verbs and Expressions
Be yourself: Sé tú mismo.
Break the ice: Rompe el hielo.
Come across as friendly/sincere: Sé amable y sincero
Get on somebody’s nerves: Poner a alguien de los nervios
Give somebody your full attention: Presta toda tu atención a alguien.
Have things in common: Tener cosas en común.
Hit it off with somebody: Congeniar con alguien.
Make a comment: Hacer un comentario.
Make a good/bad impression: Causar una buena o mala impresión.
Pay somebody a compliment: Hacer un cumplido a alguien.
Entertainment Vocabulary
Autobiography: Autobiografía.
Award-winning: Ganador de un premio.
Based on: Basado en
Book cover: Portada de un libro
Chapter: Capítulo.
Film franchise: Franquicia (de películas).
Lead role: Protagonista.
Minor role: Papel menor.
Plot: Argumento.
Reader: Lector.
Stunt: Acciones de riesgo.
Set in: Grabado en.
Stunt person: Persona que hace las acciones de riesgo.
TV character: Personaje de televisión.
Storyline: Línea de la historia.
Feelings and Emotions
Adjective Pairs
Amazed/amazing: Asombrado/increíble.
Amused/amusing: Divertido/divertido.
Annoyed/annoying: Molesto/molesto.
Concerned/concerning: Preocupado/preocupante.
Embarrassed/embarrassing: Avergonzado/avergonzante.
Exhausted/exhausting: Agotado/agotador.
Frightened/frightening: Asustado/atemorizado.
Intrigued/intriguing: Intrigado/intrigante.
Pleased/pleasing: Satisfecho/satisfactorio.
Shocked/shocking: Impactado/impactante.
Other Emotion Words
Ashamed: Avergonzado.
Astonished: Asombrado.
Confused: Confundido.
Delighted: Encantado.
Disappointed: Decepcionado.
Enthusiastic: Entusiasta.
Grateful: Agradecido.
Jealous: Celoso.
Proud: Orgulloso.
Relieved: Aliviado.
Scared: Asustado.
Stressed: Estresado.
Terrified: Aterrado.
Thrilled: Emocionado.
Irregular Verbs
arise – arose – arisen – surgir
awake – awoke – awoken – despertar(-se)
be – was, were – been – ser/estar
beat – beat – beaten – pegar
become – became – become – hacerse
begin – began – begun – comenzar
bend – bent – bent – doblar(-se)
bet – bet – bet – apostar
bite – bit – bitten – morder
bleed – bled – bled – sangrar
blow – blew – blown – soplar
break – broke – broken – romper
bring – brought – brought – traer
broadcast – broadcast – broadcast – emitir
build – built – built – construir
burn – burnt – burnt – quemar(-se)
burst – burst – burst – reventar(-se)
buy – bought – bought – comprar
catch – caught – caught – coger
choose – chose – chosen – escoger
come – came – come – venir
cost – cost – cost – costar
cut – cut – cut – cortar
deal – dealt – dealt – tratar
dig – dug – dug – cavar
do – did – done – hacer
draw – drew – drawn – dibujar
dream – dreamt – dreamt – soñar
drink – drank – drunk – beber
drive – drove – driven – conducir
eat – ate – eaten – comer
fall – fell – fallen – caer(se)
feed – fed – fed – alimentar
feel – felt – felt – sentirse
fight – fought – fought – pelear(-se)
find – found – found – encontrar
fly – flew – flown – volar
forbid – forbad(e) – forbidden – prohibir
forget – forgot – forgotten – olvidar(-se[‘n])
forgive – forgave – forgiven – perdonar
freeze – froze – frozen – congelar(-se)
get – got – got – conseguir
give – gave – given – dar
go – went – gone – ir(-se’n)
grow – grew – grown – crecer
hang – hung – hung – colgar
have – had – had – haber/tener
hear – heard – heard – escuchar
hide – hid – hidden – esconder(-se)
hit – hit – hit – golpear
hold – held – held – sujetar(-se)
hurt – hurt – hurt – herir
keep – kept – kept – guardar
kneel – knelt – knelt – arrodillar(-se)
know – knew – known – saber/conocer
lay – laid – laid – poner
lead – led – led – llevar
learn – learnt – learnt – aprender
leave – left – left – dejar
lend – lent – lent – prestar
let – let – let – permitir
lie – lay – lain – tumbarse
light – lit – lit – encender(se)
lose – lost – lost – perder
make – made – made – hacer
mean – meant – meant – significar
meet – met – met – encontrar(-se)
mistake – mistook – mistaken – equivocar(-se)
overtake – overtook – overtaken – adelantar
pay – paid – paid – pagar
put – put – put – poner
read – read – read – leer
ride – rode – ridden – montar
ring – rang – rung – sonar
rise – rose – risen – levantarse
run – ran – run – correr
say – said – said – decir
see – saw – seen – ver
seek – sought – sought – buscar
sell – sold – sold – vender(se)
send – sent – sent – enviar
set – set – set – poner
sew – sewed – sewn – coser
shake – shook – shaken – sacudir
shine – shone – shone – brillar
shoot – shot – shot – disparar
show – showed – shown – mostrar
shrink – shrank – shrunk – encoger(-se)
shut – shut – shut – cerrar(-se)
sing – sang – sung – cantar
sink – sank – sunk – hundir(-se)
sit – sat – sat – sentar(se)
sleep – slept – slept – dormir
smell – smelt – smelt – oler
speak – spoke – spoken – hablar
spell – spelt – spelt – deletrear
spend – spent – spent – pasar/gastar
split – split – split – dividir(-se)
spoil – spoilt – spoilt – echar a perder
spread – spread – spread – extender(se)
stand – stood – stood – estar de pie
steal – stole – stolen – robar
stick – stuck – stuck – pegar(-se)
sting – stung – stung – picar
strike – struck – struck – golpear
strive – strove – striven – esforzarse
swear – swore – sworn – jurar
sweep – swept – swept – barrer
swim – swam – swum – nadar
swing – swung – swung – balancear(-se)
take – took – taken – tomar
teach – taught – taught – enseñar
tear – tore – torn – romper(-se)
tell – told – told – contar/decir
think – thought – thought – pensar
throw – threw – thrown – lanzar
understand – understood – understood – entender
upset – upset – upset – disgustar
wake – woke – woken – despertar(-se)
wear – wore – worn – llevar (puesto)
weep – wept – wept – llorar
win – won – won – ganar
withdraw – withdrew – withdrawn – retirar(-se)
write – wrote – written – escribir
Verb Tenses
Present Simple
Use: Habits, routines, facts (Yo estudio física)
Affirmative:
- I study/eat
- You study/eat
- He/She/It studies/eats
- We study/eat
- You study/eat
- They study/eat
Negative:
- I don’t study/eat
- You don’t study/eat
- He/She/It doesn’t study/eat
- We don’t study/eat
- You don’t study/eat
- They don’t study/eat
Interrogative:
- Do I study/eat?
- Do you study/eat?
- Does he/she/it study/eat?
- Do we study/eat?
- Do you study/eat?
- Do they study/eat?
Present Continuous
Use: Actions happening now, temporary situations (Estoy dibujando (ahora))
Affirmative:
- I am studying/eating
- You are studying/eating
- He/She/It is studying/eating
- We are studying/eating
- You are studying/eating
- They are studying/eating
Negative:
- I am not studying/eating
- You are not studying/eating
- He/She/It is not studying/eating
- We are not studying/eating
- You are not studying/eating
- They are not studying/eating
Interrogative:
- Am I studying/eating?
- Are you studying/eating?
- Is he/she/it studying/eating?
- Are we studying/eating?
- Are you studying/eating?
- Are they studying/eating?
Present Perfect Simple
Use: Actions completed in the past with a connection to the present (Hoy he comido pasta)
Affirmative:
- I have studied/eaten
- You have studied/eaten
- He/She/It has studied/eaten
- We have studied/eaten
- You have studied/eaten
- They have studied/eaten
Negative:
- I haven’t studied/eaten
- You haven’t studied/eaten
- He/She/It hasn’t studied/eaten
- We haven’t studied/eaten
- You haven’t studied/eaten
- They haven’t studied/eaten
Interrogative:
- Have I studied/eaten?
- Have you studied/eaten?
- Has he/she/it studied/eaten?
- Have we studied/eaten?
- Have you studied/eaten?
- Have they studied/eaten?
Present Perfect Continuous
Use: Actions that started in the past and continue to the present (He estado estudiando (esta mañana))
Affirmative:
- I have been studying/eating
- You have been studying/eating
- He/She/It has been studying/eating
- We have been studying/eating
- You have been studying/eating
- They have been studying/eating
Negative:
- I haven’t been studying/eating
- You haven’t been studying/eating
- He/She/It hasn’t been studying/eating
- We haven’t been studying/eating
- You haven’t been studying/eating
- They haven’t been studying/eating
Interrogative:
- Have I been studying/eating?
- Have you been studying/eating?
- Has he/she/it been studying/eating?
- Have we been studying/eating?
- Have you been studying/eating?
- Have they been studying/eating?
Past Simple
Use: Completed actions in the past (Comí pasta)
Affirmative:
- I studied/ate
- You studied/ate
- He/She/It studied/ate
- We studied/ate
- You studied/ate
- They studied/ate
Negative:
- I didn’t study/eat
- You didn’t study/eat
- He/She/It didn’t study/eat
- We didn’t study/eat
- You didn’t study/eat
- They didn’t study/eat
Interrogative:
- Did I study/eat?
- Did you study/eat?
- Did he/she/it study/eat?
- Did we study/eat?
- Did you study/eat?
- Did they study/eat?
Past Continuous
Use: Actions in progress in the past (Estuve haciendo deberes)
Affirmative:
- I was studying/eating
- You were studying/eating
- He/She/It was studying/eating
- We were studying/eating
- You were studying/eating
- They were studying/eating
Negative:
- I wasn’t studying/eating
- You weren’t studying/eating
- He/She/It wasn’t studying/eating
- We weren’t studying/eating
- You weren’t studying/eating
- They weren’t studying/eating
Interrogative:
- Was I studying/eating?
- Were you studying/eating?
- Was he/she/it studying/eating?
- Were we studying/eating?
- Were you studying/eating?
- Were they studying/eating?
Past Perfect Simple
Use: Past action that happened before another past action (El ladrón había escapado)
Affirmative:
- I had studied/eaten
- You had studied/eaten
- He/She/It had studied/eaten
- We had studied/eaten
- You had studied/eaten
- They had studied/eaten
Negative:
- I hadn’t studied/eaten
- You hadn’t studied/eaten
- He/She/It hadn’t studied/eaten
- We hadn’t studied/eaten
- You hadn’t studied/eaten
- They hadn’t studied/eaten
Interrogative:
- Had I studied/eaten?
- Had you studied/eaten?
- Had he/she/it studied/eaten?
- Had we studied/eaten?
- Had you studied/eaten?
- Had they studied/eaten?
Past Perfect Continuous
Use: Past action that was in progress before another past action (Él había estado escapando)
Affirmative:
- I had been studying/eating
- You had been studying/eating
- He/She/It had been studying/eating
- We had been studying/eating
- You had been studying/eating
- They had been studying/eating
Negative:
- I hadn’t been studying/eating
- You hadn’t been studying/eating
- He/She/It hadn’t been studying/eating
- We hadn’t been studying/eating
- You hadn’t been studying/eating
- They hadn’t been studying/eating
Interrogative:
- Had I been studying/eating?
- Had you been studying/eating?
- Had he/she/it been studying/eating?
- Had we been studying/eating?
- Had you been studying/eating?
- Had they been studying/eating?
Used to
Use: Past habits or states that no longer exist (Algo que ocurría en el pasado)
Affirmative: used to + infinitive (e.g., I used to live in London.)
Negative: didn’t use to + infinitive (e.g., I didn’t use to like vegetables.)
Interrogative: Did + subject + use to + infinitive? (e.g., Did you use to play the piano?)
Would for Past Habits
Use: Repeated actions in the past (Acciones pasadas repetidas)
Affirmative: subject + would + infinitive (e.g., We would go to the beach every summer.)
Negative: subject + wouldn’t + infinitive (e.g., They wouldn’t eat their vegetables.)
Interrogative: Would + subject + infinitive? (e.g., Would you walk to school?)