English Verb Tenses and Grammar Structures
Present Simple
(Used for habitual actions and schedules)
- Affirmative: I/you work, she/he/it works.
- Negative: I/you don’t work, he/she/it doesn’t work.
- Interrogative: Do you work? Does she work?
Present Continuous
(Used for actions happening now, at the moment, or this year)
- Affirmative: You are singing, she is singing.
- Negative: You aren’t singing.
Past Simple
(Used for completed actions in the past, e.g., last year, two days ago)
- Affirmative: I/you/she finished. I went to Paris last year.
- Negative: I/you/she didn’t finish.
- Interrogative: Did you finish?
Past Continuous
(Used for incomplete actions in progress at a specific time in the past)
Example: They were skiing when their parents arrived at the resort.
- Affirmative: I/she/it was writing, you/we were writing.
- Negative: She/I wasn’t writing.
- Interrogative: Was I writing?
Past Perfect Simple
Example: By the time he arrived, the train had already left.
- Affirmative: I/you/he/she/we had arrived.
- Negative: I/she/we hadn’t arrived.
- Interrogative: Had I arrived?
Present Perfect Simple
(Used for actions that started in the past and continue to the present)
Example: I have lived in York for two years. (Keywords: never, ever, yet, for, since)
- Affirmative: I/you/we have lived, she has lived.
- Negative: You/we haven’t lived, she hasn’t lived.
- Interrogative: Have I lived?
Gerund
Example: I like playing rugby.
Infinitive
Example: He woke up early to go fishing.
Future Simple
(Used for predictions and fixed schedules)
Example: The TV program will start at 5 o’clock.
- Affirmative: I/she/we will recycle.
- Negative: I/she/we won’t recycle.
Be Going To
(Used for plans in the future)
Example: Mike is going to buy a hybrid car next year.
- Affirmative: We/you are going to buy, she is going to buy.
- Negative: You/we aren’t going to buy.
- Interrogative: Are you going to buy?
Future Continuous
(Used for actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future)
Example: At this time tomorrow, Jack will be arriving in London.
- Affirmative: I/she/we will be traveling.
- Negative: I/she/we won’t be traveling.
- Interrogative: Will you be traveling?
Future Perfect Simple
(Used to indicate that an action will be completed by a specific time in the future)
Example: I will have eaten by 3 o’clock.
- Affirmative: I/she/we will have eaten.
- Negative: She won’t have eaten.
- Interrogative: Will she have eaten?
Defining Relative Clauses
(Uses who, which, where, whose, when)
Example: This is the man whose laptop I bought.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Example: My brother, who is an engineer, designs robots.
First Conditional
(If + present simple, … will + base form)
- If you give me a hand, I will be really grateful.
- If you don’t finish your homework, you can’t go out.
- If you don’t make a daily backup copy, you will lose all the information.
Second Conditional
(If + past simple, … would + base form)
- If they had enough money, they would buy this laptop.
- If I were you, I’d buy a new computer.
Third Conditional
(If + past perfect, … would have + past participle)
Example: If I had read her email, I would have gone on the date.
Question Tags
- She isn’t here today, is she?
- They live in Ankara, don’t they?
- You’ll be OK, won’t you?
Quantifiers
(A lot of, many (countable), much (uncountable))
- There’s enough room.
- I know very few people.
- My niece isn’t old enough.
Reported Speech
- Direct: “He works as an editor.” Reported: She said that he worked as an editor.
- Direct: “He is working as an editor.” Reported: She said that he was working as an editor.