English Language Study Notes: Grammar and Vocabulary
Posted on Mar 7, 2026 in English
Vocabulary List
- abandon: abandonar
- abandoned: abandonado
- abandonment: abandono
- access to: acceso a
- afford: permitirse
- affordability: asequibilidad
- affordable: asequible
- agreement on: acuerdo sobre
- along with: junto con
- ban on: prohibición de
- be worth: costar
- break from: descanso de
- built-up: urbanizado
- clash with: tener diferencia de opiniones
- effect on: efecto sobre
- equal: igual
- equalisation: igualación
- equalise: igualar
- equality: igualdad
- firm: empresa
- gain: conseguir
- gainful: provechoso
- have a say: derecho a opinar
- hectic: de locos
- high-rise: de muchos pisos
- housing: vivienda
- increase in: aumento en
- inequality: desigualdad
- litter: basura
- luxuriate: disfrutar de un lujo
- luxurious: lujoso
- luxury: lujo
- need for: necesidad de
- neighbourhood: barrio
- outskirts: afueras
- overpriced: excesivamente caro
- packed: lleno
- property: propiedad
- put a stop to: parar
- put an emphasis on: poner énfasis
- put pressure on: presionar a
- put (someone) in charge: poner (a alguien) a cargo
- reaction to: reacción hacia
- reason for: razón por
- room for: espacio para
- run a business: dirigir un negocio
- run a programme: organizar un programa
- run an errand: hacer un recado
- run out of time: quedarse sin tiempo
- run short of money: quedarse sin dinero
- run smoothly: funcionar bien
- run-down: ruinas
- slum: suburbio
- smashed: roto
- solution to: solución a
- suburb: del extrarradio
- tempt: tentar a
- temptation: tentación
- tempted: tentado
- tempting: tentador
- unequal: distinto
- unlikely: poco probable
Passive Voice
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|
| Present Simple: He delivers the letters. | The letters are delivered. |
| Past Simple: He delivered the letters. | The letters were delivered. |
| Future Simple: He will deliver the letters. | The letters will be delivered. |
| Present Continuous: He is delivering the letters. | The letters are being delivered. |
| Past Continuous: He was delivering the letters. | The letters were being delivered. |
| Going to: He is going to deliver the letters. | The letters are going to be delivered. |
| Present Perfect: He has delivered the letters. | The letters have been delivered. |
| Past Perfect: He had delivered the letters. | The letters had been delivered. |
| Infinitive: He has to deliver the letters. | The letters have to be delivered. |
| Modals: He must deliver the letters. | The letters must be delivered. |
The Causative: Have Something Done
- Someone will send me new books this term: I will have my new books sent this term.
- Cleaners are ironing my new suit at the moment: I am having my new suit ironed at the moment.
- My mother usually bakes bread for me in the morning: I usually have bread baked for me in the morning.
- A plumber replaced the old pipes in my bathroom: I had the old pipes replaced in my bathroom.
- A technician has installed a new app on my laptop: I have had a new app installed on my laptop.
- Someone must fix your motorbike as soon as possible: You must have your motorbike fixed as soon as possible.
- Painters painted my granny’s fence last week: My granny had her fence painted last week.
- Someone should edit my videos for me: I should have my videos edited.
- The hairdresser didn’t cut my hair during lockdown: I didn’t have my hair cut during lockdown.
- A producer was recording her new album yesterday: She had her new album recorded yesterday.
- Doctors have tested my blood this afternoon: I have had my blood tested this afternoon.
Verb Usage
- Make: Used for manufacturing, provoking, or creating something.
- Do: Used for actions, tasks, and obligations.
- Take: Used for specific actions or things you take.
- Have: Used for experiences and needs.
Connectors and Prepositions
Nouns + Prepositions
- Because of: Debido a (e.g., “the storm…”)
- Due to: Debido a (e.g., “Due to his band…”)
- As a result/consequence of: Como/a consecuencia de (e.g., “As a result of the war…”)
- Therefore: Por lo tanto (e.g., “therefore I am.”)
- In spite of / Despite: A pesar de (+ V-ing, e.g., “not having…”)
- On the one hand: Used at the beginning of a sentence.
Verbs + Prepositions
- Depend on
- Listen to
- Talk about
- Look for
- Think about
- Agree with
- Wait for
- Pay for
