English Grammar Tenses, Passive Voice, Verbs & Conditionals
English Grammar Essentials
Reported Speech:
- Present Simple → Past Simple
- Past Simple → Past Perfect
- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
- Present Perfect Simple → Past Perfect
- Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
- Past Perfect Simple → Past Perfect
- Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
- Future → Would
Passive Voice:
- Present Simple → are signed
- Present Continuous → are being signed
- Past Simple → were signed
- Past Continuous → were being signed
- Present Perfect Simple → have been signed
- Past Perfect Simple → had been signed
- Future Simple → will be signed
- Modals → should be signed
- Modal Perfect → must have been signed
- Have to → have to be signed
- Be going to → are going to be signed
Relative Clauses:
- who/that (persons)
- which/that (things)
- where (places)
- when (time)
- whose (possession)
Irregular Verbs
| Base Form | Past Simple | Past Participle | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been | ser, estar |
| become | became | become | convertirse en, hacerse |
| begin | began | begun | empezar, comenzar |
| bite | bit | bitten | morder |
| blow | blew | blown | soplar |
| break | broke | broken | romper |
| bring | brought | brought | llevar, traer |
| build | built | built | construir |
| buy | bought | bought | comprar |
| can | could | been able | poder |
| catch | caught | caught | coger, atrapar, tomar |
| choose | chose | chosen | elegir, escoger |
| come | came | come | venir |
| do | did | done | hacer |
| draw | drew | drawn | dibujar |
| drink | drank | drunk | beber |
| drive | drove | driven | conducir |
| eat | ate | eaten | comer |
| fall | fell | fallen | caer |
| feel | felt | felt | sentir |
| fight | fought | fought | pelear, luchar |
| find | found | found | encontrar |
| fly | flew | flown | volar |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | olvidarse |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | perdonar |
| freeze | froze | frozen | congelar |
| get | got | got / gotten | recibir, conseguir, llegar, etc |
| give | gave | given | dar |
| go | went | gone | ir |
| grow | grew | grown | crecer |
| hang | hung | hung | colgar |
| have | had | had | tener |
| hide | hid | hidden | esconder |
| hold | held | held | sostener |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | hacer daño |
| keep | kept | kept | guardar, continuar |
| know | knew | known | conocer, saber |
| lead | led | led | liderar, guiar, conducir |
| leave | left | left | irse, dejar |
| lend | lent | lent | dejar prestado |
| let | let | let | permitir, alquilar |
| lose | lost | lost | perder |
| make | made | made | hacer |
| mean | meant | meant | significar, querer decir |
| meet | met | met | conocer, reunirse, encontrarse |
| pay | paid | paid | pagar |
| put | put | put | poner, colocar |
| ride | rode | ridden | montar (en transporte) |
| ring | rang | rung | llamar, sonar |
| rise | rose | risen | levantarse, alzarse, subir |
| run | ran | run | correr |
| say | said | said | decir, contar |
| see | saw | seen | ver |
| sell | sold | sold | vender |
| send | sent | sent | enviar, remitir |
| set | set | set | poner, colocar |
| show | showed | shown | mostrar, enseñar |
| shut | shut | shut | cerrar |
| sing | sang | sung | cantar |
| sink | sank | sunk | hundirse |
| sit | sat | sat | sentarse |
| sleep | slept | slept | dormir |
| speak | spoke | spoken | hablar |
| spend | spent | spent | gastar dinero, pasar tiempo |
| steal | stole | stolen | robar |
| swim | swam | swum | nadar |
| take | took | taken | tomar, llevar |
| teach | taught | taught | enseñar |
| tell | told | told | decir, contar |
| think | thought | thought | pensar |
| throw | threw | thrown | lanzar, tirar, arrojar |
| understand | understood | understood | entender, comprender |
| wake | woke | woken | despertarse |
| wear | wore | worn | llevar puesto |
| win | won | won | ganar |
| write | wrote | written | escribir |
Present Perfect Continuous: Subject + have/has + Been + verb -ing
Past Perfect Continuous: Subject + Had + Been + verb -Ing
Conditional Sentences
Type 1: If + Subject + present simple, Subject + future simple (will + inf); probable or certain condition.
Type 2: If + Subject + past simple, Subject + conditional + verb inf; possible but improbable condition.
Type 3: If + Subject + past perfect (had + pp), Subject + perfect conditional (modal + have + PP); impossible condition.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Personally, I think…; It’s a fact that…; on the one hand, on the other hand; In addition; moreover; for example; in my opinion; in conclusion.
Event Description
Last week, when…, Suddenly, the atmosphere was…, it turned out to be…, all in all, in the end.
Letter:
Address, city and postal code, date; name; Dear …; at the end: I look forward to your reply, yours faithfully, signature.