English Grammar Tenses and Reported Speech Cheatsheet

Posted on Oct 7, 2026 in English

Present Simple

Когда: регулярно, факт, расписание.
Маркеры: always, usually, often, every day.

• + I/You/We/They work.
  He/She/It works.
• − I do not (don’t) work.
  He does not (doesn’t) work.
• ? Do you work?
  Does he work?
• Спец. вопрос: Where do you work?

Present Continuous

Когда: происходит сейчас / временно.
Маркеры: now, at the moment, look!, listen!

• + I am working.
  He/She/It is working.
  We/You/They are working.
• − I am not working.
  She isn’t working.
• ? Are they working?
• Спец. вопрос: What are they doing?

Формула: am/is/are + V-ing

Present Perfect

Когда: результат к настоящему, опыт, уже/ещё.
Маркеры: already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for.

• + I/You/We/They have worked.
  He/She/It has worked.
• − We haven’t worked.
  She hasn’t worked.
• ? Have you worked?
  Has she worked?
• Спец. вопрос: What have you done?

Формула: have/has + V3
V3 = 3-я форма: worked / done / been / seen.

Present Perfect Continuous

Когда: началось раньше и всё ещё длится; важен процесс.
Маркеры: since, for, all day.

• + She has been working for 2 hours.
• − She hasn’t been working.
• ? Has she been working?
• Спец. вопрос: How long has she been working?

Формула: have/has been + V-ing

Past Simple

Когда: законченное действие в прошлом.
Маркеры: yesterday, ago, last week, in 2020.

• + I worked / went.
• − I did not (didn’t) work.
• ? Did you work?
• Спец. вопрос: When did you arrive?

Формула: V2 / -ed
После did — только начальная форма: Did he go?

Past Continuous

Когда: процесс в конкретный момент прошлого; фон.
Маркеры: at 5 p.m. yesterday, while, when.

• + I/He/She/It was working.
  We/You/They were working.
• − He wasn’t working.
• ? Were they working?
• Спец. вопрос: What were you doing?

Формула: was/were + V-ing

Past Perfect

Когда: одно действие случилось раньше другого в прошлом.

• + She had left before I came.
• − She hadn’t left.
• ? Had she left?
• Спец. вопрос: Why had she left?

Формула: had + V3

Past Perfect Continuous

Когда: процесс длился до момента в прошлом.

• + They had been waiting for an hour.
• − They hadn’t been waiting.
• ? Had they been waiting?
• Спец. вопрос: How long had they been waiting?

Формула: had been + V-ing

Future Simple

Когда: решение сейчас, обещание, прогноз.
Маркеры: tomorrow, next week, I think, probably.

• + I will work.
• − I will not (won’t) work.
• ? Will you work?
• Спец. вопрос: When will you come?

Формула: will + V1

Be Going To

Когда: планы, намерения; прогноз по явным признакам.

• + I am going to study.
• − She isn’t going to study.
• ? Are they going to study?
• Спец. вопрос: What are you going to do? Формула: am/is/are going to + V1

Future Continuous

Когда: процесс в определённый момент в будущем.

• + I will be working at 6.
• − I won’t be working.
• ? Will you be working?
• Спец. вопрос: What will you be doing?

Формула: will be + V-ing

Future Perfect

Когда: закончится к определённому моменту в будущем.
Маркеры: by Monday, by 5 o’clock.

• + She will have finished by 5.
• − She won’t have finished.
• ? Will she have finished?
• Спец. вопрос: What will she have done?

Формула: will have + V3

Reported Speech

Главная схема

Прямая речь:
He said: “I am tired.”

Косвенная речь:
He said (that) he was tired.

say → say (that)
say to somebody → tell somebody (that)
✅ She told me that…
❌ She told that…

❗️ She asked me if/whether you read the book.

Yes/No — if/whether

Сдвиг времён (если глагол в прошлом: said, told)

Пример:
“I work here,” she said. → She said that she worked there.
“I will call you,” he said. → He said that he would call me.

Указатели времени и места

• now → then
• today → that day
• yesterday → the day before
• tomorrow → the next/following day
• ago → before
• here → there
• this → that
• these → those

Вопросы в косвенной речи

Общий вопрос (Yes/No)

Используем if / whether. Порядок слов — как в утверждении.

“Do you like tea?” → He asked if I liked tea.
“Are you ready?” → She asked whether I was ready.

Специальный вопрос

Сохраняем вопросительное слово: what, where, when, why, how…

“Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.
❌ He asked where did I live.

multiple choice — большой выбор

advert — реклама (вывеска)

sign — предупреждающий знак

hiking — поход

path — дорожка

approach — подходить близко

• reviews — отзывы
• it is worth — стоит
• litter = rubbish = trash — мусор
• available — доступное
• develop — развивать
• suitable — подходящий (-ие)
• term — семестр
• support — поддержка
• scenes — сцена в фильме
• advice — совет
• apply for a job — устраиваться на работу
• I’m an extra — массовка
• complain — жаловаться
• to end up (doing) — в конце концов

• plot — сюжет
• fiction — фантастика
• play — спектакль
• fairy tale — сказка
• main characters — главные персонажи

• metro / underground / tube — метро
• encourage (~ motivate) — поощрять, мотивировать
• scheme — схема
• expose oneself to — открывать для себя

• physical books — печатная книга

  competition — соревнование

  e-books — электронная книга

  appear — появляться

  mention — упоминать

read out — читать вслух

read on — продолжать читать

turn over — переворачивать

flick through — быстро просматривать

scroll down/up — листать вверх или вниз

fill in — заполнять

write down — записывать

make up — придумывать

look over — проверить

cross out — вычеркнуть