English Grammar and Vocabulary Reference
Posted on May 30, 2024 in English
VERBOS
Irregular Verbs
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle |
|---|
| Aguantar | bear | bore | born |
| Esconder | hide | hid | hidden |
| Ganar a | beat | beat | beaten |
| Celebrar, sost | hold | held | held |
| Atrapar | catch | caught | caught |
| Arrodillarse | kneel | knelt | knelt |
| Escoger | choose | chose | chosen |
| colocar, pner.m | lay | laid | laid |
| Adherirse | cling | clung | clung |
| dirigir, guiar, lid | lead | led | led |
| Repartir cartas/neg | deal | dealt | dealt |
| Prestar | lend | lent | lent |
| Empatar | draw | drew | drawn |
| inclinarse, apoy | lean | leant | leant |
| Huir | flee | fled | fled |
| saltar, brincar | leap | leapt | leapt |
| Lanzar.F/arro | fling | flung | flung |
| Permitir, dejar | let | let | let |
| Prohibir | forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| tumbarse | lie | lay | lain |
| Moler | grind | ground | ground |
| encender, ilum | light | lit | lit |
| Doblar | bend | bent | bent |
| significar, querer.d | mean | meant | meant |
| Volar/pilotar | fly | flew | flown |
| fundir | melt | melted | melted/molten |
| Andar sigi | creep | crept | crept |
| segar | mow | mowed | mown |
| criar animales | breed | bred | bred |
| dejar, abandonadar | quit | quit | quit |
| Helar | freeze | froze | frozen |
| subir, s.sol | rise | rose | risen |
| Serrar | saw | sawed | sawn |
| buscar | seek | sought | sought |
| Solidi, m.deberes | set | set | set |
| coser | sew | sewed | sewn |
| Derramar la | shed | shed | shed |
| Brillar | shine | shone | shone |
| cerrar | shut | shut | shut |
| Mostrar, esñr | show | showed | shown |
| encoger, men | shrink | shrank | shrunk |
ADVERTISING: WORD FAMILIES
- Ad(vert)n: anuncio
- Advertise v: anunciar
- Advertiser n: anunciante
- Advertising adj: anunciadora
- Consumer n: consumidor
- Consume v: consumir
- Consumerism n: consumismo
- Consumerist adj: consumista
- Expensive n: gasto
- Necessary adj: necesario
- Shop v: comprar
- Shop n: tienda
- Shopper n: comprador
- Shopping n: ir de compras
- Persuade v: persuadir
- Persuasion n: persuasión
- Persuasive adj: persuasivo
- Waste n: malgasto
- Waste v: malgastar
- Necessity n: necesidad
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
- Disagree: estar en desacuerdo (agree: estar de acuerdo)
- Inexpensively: de manera económica (expensively: de manera cara)
- Irrational: irracional (rational: racional)
- Dislike: disgustar (like: gustar)
- Irresponsibly: irresponsablemente (responsibly: responsablemente)
- Illegally: ilegalmente (legally: legalmente)
- Unable: incapaz (able: capaz)
- Illegible: ilegible (legible: legible)
- Unfortunately: desafortunadamente (fortunately: afortunadamente)
- Impatient: impaciente (patient: paciente)
- Unhealthy: poco saludable (healthy: saludable)
- Imperfection: imperfección (perfection: perfección)
- Unusual: inusual (usual: usual)
- Impossibility: imposibilidad (possibility: posibilidad)
NEWS: PHRASAL VERBS
- Come up with: proponer un plan
- Cover up: tapar, ocultar
- Find out: descubrir información
- Get across: transmitir
- Get away with: salir impune
- Look into: investigar
- Make up: maquillarse, inventar
- Own up: admitir la culpa
- Put up with: aguantar
- Spy on: espiar
- Track down: buscar una pista
- Turn out (to be): resultar ser
ABSTRACT NOUNS
- Boredom: aburrimiento (bore: aburrir, boring: aburrido)
- Confidence: confianza (confident: confiado)
- Creativity: creatividad (creative: creativo)
- Determination: determinación (determined: determinado)
- Enjoyment: disfrute (enjoy: disfrutar)
- Excitement: emoción (exciting: emocionante)
- Freedom: libertad (free: libre)
- Frustration: frustración (frustrated: frustrado)
- Happiness: felicidad (happy: feliz)
- Loneliness: soledad (lonely: solo)
- Reality: realidad (real: real)
- Silence: silencio (silent: silencioso)
- Relaxation: relajación (relaxed: relajado)
IDIOMS
- Learn by heart: memorizar
- See eye to eye: estar de acuerdo
- Lend a hand: ayudar
- Full of beans: lleno de energía
- Catch red-handed: atrapar con las manos en la masa
- Could eat a horse: tener mucha hambre
- Cat got your tongue?: ¿Te ha comido la lengua el gato?
- Like a fish out of water: como pez fuera del agua
- Get your problems off your chest: desahogarse
- Fed up: harto
- Take it easy: tómalo con calma
- Ring a bell: sonar familiar
- Selling like hot cakes: vendiéndose como pan caliente
- Cost peanuts: costar muy poco
- Out of the blue: de repente, inesperadamente
- Shoulder to cry on: hombro para llorar
REPORTED SPEECH
STATEMENTS: Mary speaking to John
- Direct speech: I’m catching the bus today.
Reported speech: Mary told John that she was catching the bus that day. - Direct speech: You forget the dates so easily!
Reported speech: Mary told John that he forgot the dates so easily. - Direct speech: I swam across the sea last year.
Reported speech: Mary told John that she had swum across the sea the year before. - Direct speech: The teacher was cleaning the board when she fell.
Reported speech: Mary told John that the teacher had been cleaning the board when she had fallen.
ORDERS
- Direct speech: Don’t shout while I’m writing!
Reported speech: Mary told John not to shout while she was writing. - Direct speech: Please wait until I come!
Reported speech: Mary asked John to wait until she came. - Direct speech: Don’t leave until next month!
Reported speech: Mary asked John not to leave until the following month. - Direct speech: Catch the ball!
Reported speech: Mary told John to catch the ball.
QUESTIONS
- Direct speech: What will you do tomorrow?
Reported speech: Mary asked John what he would do the following day. - Direct speech: What’s your friend’s job now?
Reported speech: Mary asked John what his friend’s job was at that moment. - Direct speech: What do you think about this?
Reported speech: Mary asked John what he thought about that. - Direct speech: Where does the bus go tonight?
Reported speech: Mary asked John where the bus went that night.
