English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide
Present Tenses
Present Continuous
They are taking…
Present Perfect Simple
We have chosen…
They have been / they had graduated…
Past Tenses
Past Simple
I finished / They chose…
Past Continuous
She was doing / They were visiting…
Past Perfect Simple
She had left (participle: ed)…
Rob had finished…
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been studying…
Future Tenses
Future Simple
Will…
Be Going To
She is going to meet…
Future Continuous
We’ll be studying…
Future Perfect Simple
They will have completed…
Modal Verbs
Modal + base form verb:
- Can / can’t, be able to (ability, request)
- Must / mustn’t (obligation, prohibition)
- Have to / need to, don’t have to / need to (necessity, lack of necessity)
- Should, ought to (advice)
- May, might (possibility)
- May (permission)
- Could (past ability, possibility)
Modal Perfects
Should have, could have, may/might have, must have, would have
Conditional Clauses
Zero Conditional
General truth or fact: If you use solar energy, you save money.
First Conditional
- Future possibility: If we fine people, it will help.
- Advice or suggestion: If you go out, put the bottles in the recycling bin.
Second Conditional
Imaginary situation: If I were you, I would get solar panels.
Third Conditional
Impossible situation: You would have visited a recycling plant if you had gone on the tour.
Wish Clauses
- I wish / If only + past simple: had more parks
- + past perfect simple: I wish I had gone on the tour
- + base form: If only people would stop eating meat
Vocabulary
– Appeal: llamar la atención
– Appear: aparecer
– Avoid: evitar
– Dump: tirar
– Fine: multar
– Flood: inundación
– Harm: daño
– Landfill: vertedero
– Litter: esparcir basura
– Reluctant: reacio
– Remain: permanecer
– Rooftop: azotea
– Soil: tierra
– Compost
– A heck of a lot: un montón
– Behaviour: comportamiento
– Conservationist: ecologista
– Deceit: engaño
– Deceitful: falso, engañoso, fraude
– Deceive: engañar
– Deception: engaño
– Differ: diferenciarse
– Die out: extinguirse
– Devoted to: dedicado
– Disguise oneself: ocultarse
– Distress: dolor, agotamiento
– Endangered: en vías de extinción, peligro de extinción
– Fang: colmillo
– Handle: manejar
– Nest: nido
– Offspring: descendencia, crías
– On one’s own: por sí solo, mismo
– Prey: presas
– Raise: criar, aumentar
– Rope: cuerda, soga
– Seal: foca
– Stare to death: morir de hambre
– Sting: aguijón
– Surroundings: entorno, ambiente
– Tag: seguir la pista
– Tell apart: distinguir, diferenciar
– Wipe out: aniquilar
– Bravery: valentía
– Breed: raza
– Go back to: remontarse a
– Majestic
– Make up: formar, construir
– Ruler: gobernante
Useful Phrases
– I’m most worried about…
– …is what concerns me the most…
– There are other issues like…
– For a start, we can…
– It would be a good idea to…
– As well as…
– Apparently (según parece)
– Consequently
– In short (resumiendo)
– Although (aunque)
– One example would be…
– Another example is…
– I’m not sure…
– I’m pretty sure…
– As far as I remember…
– Let me think, what about…?
– During her childhood
Phrasal Verbs
– Set up: fundar
– Résumé: CV
– Put off: aplazar
– Put forward: proponer
– Take off: coger libre
– Talk on: contratar
– Talk someone into: convencer a alguien
– Talk something over: discutir sobre algo
– Talk someone out of: convencer de que no haga algo
The Passive Voice
Scientist track these birds: These birds are tracked by scientists.
Present Simple
Am/is/are + past participle. The chicks are brought up by foster parents.
Past Simple
Was/were + past participle: In the past, tigers were hunted.
Future Simple
Will + be + past participle: The horses will be examined soon.
Modals
Modal + be + past participle: A foster parent must be found.
Modal Perfects
Modal + have been + past participle: You could have been attacked by the dog.
Present Continuous
Am/is/are + being + past participle: The foster mother is being kept very busy.
Past Continuous
Was/were + being + past participle: At 8:00, the animals were being fed.
Present Perfect Simple
Have/has + been + past participle: It has been practiced for centuries.
Past Perfect Simple
Had + been + past participle: The wolf had been caught before it hurt anyone.
The Causative
Have/get + object + past participle: They have/get their chicks raised by other birds. We had/got the animals trained by professionals.
Relative Pronouns
- Who/that: people (You’ll see some of the characters who/that are involved in the scrap-metal business.)
- Which/that (objects): She looks for metal which/that people have left on the streets.
- When (time): Early in the morning is the time when Adam collects metal.
- Where (place)
- Whose (possession): This is the man whose scrap-metal business makes €7 million a year.
Defining Relative Clauses
Información esencial para identificar el nombre que lo modifica: They buy the metal that people collect.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Información que no es esencial para identificar el nombre que lo modifica, se usan comas para separarlo. Michael, who is in his thirties, runs a scrap-metal business.
Formal Structure
Preposición va antes del pronombre relativo y se usa WHOM en vez de WHO. The person to whom I was talking has got a scrap-metal business.
Informal Structure
La preposición va al final. The person (who) I was talking to has got a scrap-metal business.
scrap-metal business.
A heck of a lot: un montón ——————— Behaviour: comportamiento ——- Conservationist: ecologista ——— Deceit:engaño ———- Deceitful: falso ———- Deceitful: engañoso, fraude——– Deceive: engañar —— Deception: engaño —– Differ: diferenciarse —- De out: extinguirse —– Devoted to: dedicado —– Disguise onself: ocultarse —– Distress: dolor, agotamiento —— Endangered: en vías, peligro de extinción —– Fang:colmillo —– Handle: manejar —— Nest: nido —— Offspring: descendencia, crías ——–
No one’s own: por si solo, mismo ———- Prey: presas ——- Raise: criar, aumentar —— Rope: cuerda, soga ——- Seal: foca—– Stare to death: morir de hambre ——- Sting: aguijón —— Surroundings: entorno, ambiente ——- Tag: seguir la pista —— Tell appart: distinguir, diferenciar —– Wipe out: aniquilar—- bravery: valentía —- breed: raza —- go back to: remontarse a —- majestic: —- make up: formar, construir —- ruler_gobernante
One example would be ——- Another example is —– I’m not sure —- I’m pretty sure —- As far as I remember —– Let me think, what about…? —— During her childhood
set up: fundar —- résumé: CV —– put off: aplazar —- put forward: proponer —- take off: coger libre —- talk on: contratar —– talk someone into: convencer a alguien —– talk something over: discutir sobre algo —– talk someone out of: convencer de que no haga algo—–