Early 20th Century Spanish Political and Social Reform
She began the twentieth century with attempts of political reform, with the death of Canovas and Sagasta marked the start of political revisionism hand Maura (conservation) and Canalejas (lib). Conservative governments led the first attempts at reform, trying to make the Rev. From above.
The pressure of the org. Workers resulted in a slow labor law. In 1908 he created the National Welfare Institute, the forerunner of the SS whose purpose was to resolve the precarious situation of subsistence for retired workers. The withdrawal was not effective worker until 1919 when it became compulsory, still working conditions were still quite hard. As a solution to voter fraud arose the Electoral Reform Act in 1907 with the famous article 29.
In 1910 it was the turn Canalejas the Liberals, who passed some laws of social content as the reduction of the day or the regulation of women’s work and in 1912 with the Conscription Act was established compulsory military service. This phase of reforms ended with the murder of Canalejas in G by an anarchist. The failure of revisionism crisis was caused by the shift in practice. Spain try to participate in the Scramble for Africa, which Morocco became the new colonial objectives. Following the international conference of Algeciras in 1906, recognized the rights of Spain over Morocco.
The military occupation began in February. 1909 whose aim was to restore national prestige, not to leave France as the only power in the area and maintain the strategic balance in the strait. The forced recruitment for the war in Morocco led to popular discontent as only interested in a certain sector of the army and capitalists. The mobilization of reservists worsened the climate of tension, he prepared a strike and the government arrested the ringleaders. From July 26-31. The population rose in the tragic week up barricades in the streets and attacking churches and convents. There was fierce custody and arrested Ferrer Guardia to raise a wave of protest that caused the resignation of Maura and the creation of the CNT in 1910. Republicans represented the main political opposition to the regime.
And they won the support of society to be less radical socialists or anarchists. It created the Radical Party, led by reformist party Lerroux and in 1912 by Melquiades Alvarez and Gumersindo Azcarate, also include the PSOE. Nationalism also supposed opposition to the regime where the main representative was the Catalan with the creation of the Regional League in 1901 and the subsequent founding of the Catalan Solidarity in 1906. Another important Basque nationalism with the creation of PNV. Less important was the Galician nationalism.
The Spanish government decided to maintain a policy of neutrality in WWII, although a public supporter of the Allies and was divided into pro-Germans. This policy meant for Spain a dramatic growth in external demand for their goods, which caused an inflationary process. Large corporate profits accounted for wage increases not equivalent. Various manifestations of the crisis of 1917:
A) Rise of the military juntas of defense for the loss of purchasing power their salaries and ministry favoritísimo war in the promotion of military personnel in Morocco.In April the president of the gob resigned. Romanones in May the Captain General of Catalonia and the rebellion was started June with the presentation of the Manifesto of the boards whose claims were recognized through the support of Alfonso XIII. The monarch tended to tilt in favor of the military and revitalized the military role outside the barracks. B) The Regionalist League led by Cambo summon an unlawful assembly that will do away with the outdated political system and define a new state organization that recognizes the autonomy of Catalonia. There was a second call (Parliamentary Assembly) and the government declare unconstitutional such claims. Motion was foiled by the refusal of support from the military juntas, differences and mistrust between themselves Assembly and the participation of the Catalan Cambo. C) the outbreak of the general strike. In early 1917 the UGT and CNT had contacts to call a general strike against the political regime. In July, in Madrid formed a strike committee was convened in August and had a total follow-up in many places. The government response was very strong: the strike committee stopped and pulled the troops on the streets. As a measure to revive the old political system, were divided into two concentration governments (governments headed by members of the party system but with ministers of other trends) and did not work he turned to the old practice of shift that was in the process of decomposition because the old parties were split into multiple factions, the system was unable to renew itself and the king was becoming more and more reluctant to open democratic regime.
Agitation and social effects of the Russian revolution
There was a spectacular affiliation of workers to unions because employers preferred negotiation to confrontation with the workers. The triumph of the 1917 Bolshevik Rev. Instills enthusiasm in the org. Workers, the pressure pushed the government to take measures such as the day from 8 am (1919) and the creation of a Ministry of Labour (1920). A) Doctoral Thesis in Andalusia. . B) the escalating violence in Catalonia. C) Communist International.