E-commerce and Database Concepts for Business & IT

Posted on Feb 28, 2026 in Computers

Module 3: E-commerce

61. E-commerce, or electronic commerce, refers to the act of performing business transactions, such as buying or selling goods, over the Internet.
62. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) involves businesses selling products or services directly to individual customers.
63. Business-to-Business (B2B) covers transactions between two businesses and represents the largest segment of e-commerce by dollar volume.
64. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) facilitates transactions between individual people, often through an auction or classifieds site.
65. Business-to-Government (B2G) involves transactions where a private business sells goods or services to a government agency.
66. Business advantage of e-commerce: reduction in overhead costs because a physical storefront is not required.
67. Consumer advantage of e-commerce: the convenience of being able to shop 24 hours a day from any location.
68. M-commerce, or mobile commerce, involves conducting e-commerce transactions using mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
69. Online auction is a web-based platform where items are listed for sale and users place competing bids until the highest bidder wins.
70. Intermediary hub is a B2B site that brings together many buyers and sellers within a specific industry in one central marketplace.
71. E-tailing, short for electronic retailing, is the practice of selling retail goods online through a digital storefront.
72. Subscription site is a model where users pay a recurring fee (monthly or annually) to access a service or digital content.
73. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of modifying a website to improve its visibility and ranking in search engine results.
74. Digital wallet is a tool that securely stores a user’s payment and shipping information to streamline the online checkout process.
75. Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that allows contactless payments at retail checkout counters.
76. Order fulfillment is the back-end process of e-commerce that involves picking, packing, and shipping an item to a customer after a purchase.
77. Ad retargeting is a marketing technique that shows specific ads to users based on websites they have previously visited.
78. Secure web server uses encryption and protocols like HTTPS to protect sensitive data during a transaction and is identified by a padlock icon.
79. Encryption is the process of scrambling data into a secret code so that it can only be decoded by someone with the correct key.
80. Digital certificate is an electronic file that verifies the identity of a website or person to ensure the transaction is legitimate.

Module 4: Databases

81. A database is a structured collection of related data stored on a computer system for easy retrieval and management.
82. Database Management System (DBMS) is the software used to create, maintain, and provide access to a database.
83. Field is the smallest unit of named data in a database, representing a single category of information such as a customer’s name.
84. Record is a collection of related fields that describes a single entity or item, represented as a row in a table.
85. Table is a collection of related records within a relational database organized in a row-and-column format.
86. Data hierarchy organizes data from bits and bytes at the bottom up to fields, records, tables, and finally the entire database.
87. Primary key is a field that must be unique for every record in a table, ensuring no two entries are identical.
88. Foreign key is a field in one table that is the primary key of another table, used to link the two tables together.
89. Data integrity refers to the accuracy and reliability of the data stored within a database through the use of consistency rules.
90. Data security involves protecting the database from unauthorized access, modification, or malicious destruction.
91. Data privacy refers to the rules governing who is allowed to access and use personal data stored in a database.
92. Metadata is “data about data,” providing a description of the structure, field types, and properties of the database information.
93. Data dictionary is a central repository that stores all the metadata and blueprints for the database system.
94. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a model that organizes data into multiple related tables linked by common fields.
95. Database query is a specific request for information from a database that meets a set of defined criteria.
96. Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard programming language used to communicate with and manage relational databases.
97. Data definition involves describing the properties and structure of data, such as field names and data types.
98. Data manipulation refers to the actual tasks of working with data records, such as adding, editing, or deleting information.
99. Middleware is software that acts as a bridge between a web server and a database to allow for dynamic content in a browser.
100. Cloud database is a database hosted on a remote server and accessed by users over the Internet.
101. Centralized database stores all data in one location, whereas a distributed database spreads data across multiple physical sites.
102. Data mining is the process of using sophisticated algorithms to analyze massive amounts of data to find hidden patterns or trends.