DNA, Genes, and the Human Genome: A Comprehensive Guide
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DNA
The main component of the genetic material of most organisms and together form the RNA nucleic acid.
* The nucleotides are smaller units that make up nucleic acids. Repetition generates a stream and in that sequence is where the genetic material
* Form of DNA: it has a wound that is super compact and form chromosomes.
* DNA is found: in prokaryotic organisms is in the cytoplasm and in eukaryotes is in the cell nucleus.
* Function of DNA in the cells is to encode and transmit instructions for the development and operation of a being vivo.Estas instructions are needed for the synthesis of macromolecules.
* RNA function: it is a messenger, which is responsible for copying DNA information and bring it to the ribosomes, the ribosomal RNA is part of the structure of ribosomes, transfer RNA carrying the amino acids to the ribosomes to build the chain protein.
* Gen: is each of the storage units found in DNA.
* Genotype: the set of all characters are transmitted in our genes.
* Phenotype: genotype is expressed Porma specified in the aspect of an individual.
* Genome: A set of genes of a species. All genes of a species.
* Rosalind Franklin discovered the helical shape of DNA by x-ray Watson and Crick to see you took over the discovery of her and she died of ovarian cancer by the little protection against radioactivity.
* Mitosis is the process of cell division, thanks to her single-celled organisms reproduce, a mother cell to daughter cells arise identicas.Su purpose is to increase the number of cells.
* DNA replication is to double the DNA to yield a complete set of chromosomes to each daughter cell, so we have two identical copies of the same DNA strand.
It happens when it occurs in the time period between two mitoses (interface)
If replication is not correct, we talk about genetic mutations and is not transmitted properly the genetic imformacion
When design is when it is semiconservative replication process is finished we will have two full sets of DNA each of which will have an original string and a new synthesis.
* Proteins are responsible for the functionality of the cell and maintenance of cellular metabolism.
* The two germ lines that arise from the zygote are the somatic line cells give rise to functional and organic systems will maintain the life of the organism and the germ cells give rise to reproductoras.Las first divide by mitosis meiosis and the latter because
* Diploid: contain the normal number of chromosomes in a especie.Cromosomas duplicates.
Haploid: they have half the normal number of chromosomes. Chromosomes simple.
* Difference between mitosis and meiosis: mitosis is the division of stem cells and gives rise to two cells identical to the parent. Meiosis are two cell divisions but it is exchanged to create imformacion genetic variability.
* Transcription is a process by which transfers the imformacion contained in the DNA sequence into protein sequence using multiple RNA as a facilitator.
* Translation is a process which is done or protein synthesis in ribosomes after the decoding of the encrypted message in messenger RNA into triplets.
Genetic code *: set a standard translation between the sequence of nucleotides and the aminoácidos.Segun three nucleotides which correspond to an amino acid.
* The universal genetic code is ambiguous instead of a triplet can only encode one amino acid in all living organisms while an amino acid can be encoded by several triplets
* Biotechnology is any biological preoceso which serves to obtain goods and services from living organisms. And there since antiquity.
* Genetic engineering is a technology that has enabled the development of many technical processes, with it you get goods and Kuando servicios.Desd there?: Never until today.
* Fields of engineering gentica amplification: are the new forms of drug synthesis, Genetic modification of organisms and the development of a new form of medicine that uses molecular diagnosis and gene therapy
* Isthe first green revolution biotechnology revolution which gave an improvement in key plntas cultivation for human consumption, by improving the techniques of hybridization of the species and the solution is mecanización.No.
* Recombinant DNA technology allows us to cut the DNA fragment specific to an individual we are interested in and insert it into the DNA of another individual.
* GMO or GMOs: are the bodies after being manipulated phenotype expressed in a feature not previously tenian.Ej agriculture, transgenic animals.
* We get a large amount of DNA from a small sample by reaction polymerase chain taking a small sample copies are removed to form an entire string.
* Applications of PCR “applications related to obtaining sufficient candide DNA of a gene previously selected for sequencing, PCR evolutivos.La applications allows studies of organisms and genes aplificar extinguidos.-determination of the genetic fingerprint. By this technique is possible to obtain enough DNA to test whether two bodies are in the same parent.
* Sequencing of a gene: After isolating and cloning a DNA fragment, DNA can be sequenced meaning it can read the sequence of nucleotides of the DNA fragment obtenido.Permite identify possible mutations and diseases associated with alterations.
* Amniocentesis: is one of the methods to identify anomalies in the feto.Consiste in obtaining amniotic fluid for testing. (Invasive diagnostic technique)
* Gene therapy: is the introduction of healthy genetic material in diseased cells.
* Genetic Pharmacology: it consists in getting medicines to the letter based on the patient’s genetic profile or the characteristics of the pathogen.
* The test of partner are based on comparing the DNA of the child and alleged father.
* The human genome project consists in knowing the 20000 and 25000 genes that make up our genome.
* The Human Genome Project has undertaken a company publica.El HGP was made possible through the efforts of the international consortium for sequencing the human genome with the participation of research centers in over 20 countries.
* Purpose of the assisted reproductive techniques and what are its purpose is to facilitate meetings between the gametes, so the fecundación.Y help couples to have artificial insemination niños. “is the procedure that involves inserting the medical semen or sperm in the uterus of women coincided with the liberation of ovulo.-in-vitro fertilization: is done when the problems of infertility and sterility are more complejos.Se removed the woman’s egg to fertilize it with a test tube with the esperma.Los resulting embryos are implanted in the uterus of women.
* Dwindling of the male gametes must be: the reason is unknown but researchers are inclined to alcohol, and stress snuff and also carry negative environmental contamination.
Stem cells are cells capable of giving rise to any other cell. Lamb adults have stem cells but with less potential.
* Clone: a body of porogenitor indistinguishable, since they are identical copies of an adult.
The Dolly obejita not since the Mexican parent tube is implanted the nucleus of an egg on another egg of another three mothers oveja.Tubo the egg donor, the donor nucleus and the sheep that bore.
* Usefulness of cloning: “therapeutic purposes: would be used for obtaining stem cells and tissues or organs intended for reparative or regenerative medicine, reproductive purposes: obtaining a human being developed.
* Is the study of bioethics and the search for values or principles that should govern the problems that arise in life issues.
* Human dignity is the right use of freedom of the individual.
* Quality of life: physical health, mental and meet the basic needs.