Defensive Driving Techniques for Safe Road Travel
Maintaining Space and Escape Routes
When Stopped in Traffic
Always leave enough space between your vehicle and the one in front. This allows for maneuvering around a stalled or disabled vehicle without needing to back up in traffic. The required space is proportionate to the size of your vehicle; longer vehicles need more space.
Why: Having an escape route is crucial for avoiding collisions in unexpected situations.
Starting Up at Intersections
Follow a specific sequence when starting at intersections:
- Look left.
- Look right.
- Look left again.
- Check your traffic-side mirror for vehicles that may turn in front of you.
- As you proceed, check your opposite traffic-side mirror to ensure the intersection is clear.
Why: This sequence helps identify potential hazards from motorists or pedestrians who may not be obeying traffic signals.
Counting Technique for Space Cushions
Count “one, two, three” after the vehicle ahead starts moving before moving your own vehicle. This automatically creates a safe space cushion and allows you to focus on the driving scene ahead.
Why: Maintaining a safe distance reduces the risk of rear-end collisions.
Following Distances and Eye-Lead Time
Following Time
Maintain a following distance of four to six seconds for speeds under 30 MPH and six to eight seconds for speeds over 30 MPH. To calculate this, count seconds from when the vehicle ahead passes a stationary object until your vehicle reaches the same object.
Why: Adequate following time provides more time to react to changes in traffic conditions.
Eye-Lead Time
Maintain an eye-lead time of eight to twelve seconds. This refers to the distance ahead that your eyes should be focused on most of the time. To establish this, pick a stationary object and count seconds until your vehicle reaches it.
Why: Focusing further ahead helps center your car in the lane and anticipate potential hazards.
Scanning and Awareness
Scanning Parked Vehicles
Always scan the steering wheels of parked cars to determine if they are occupied. Occupied vehicles present potential hazards, such as exiting passengers or sudden pull-outs. Look for signs like turned wheels, lights, or exhaust. If unsure, treat the vehicle as occupied and use your horn if necessary.
Why: Awareness of parked vehicles helps avoid collisions and promotes safe maneuvering.
Stale Green Lights
Approach stale green lights (lights you didn’t see change) with caution. Establish a decision point before the stop line. If the light changes before you reach this point, you should be able to stop safely. If you reach the decision point before the light changes, proceed through the intersection without hesitation or acceleration.
Why: This technique helps avoid sudden stops or running red lights.
Eye Contact
Establish eye contact with other motorists and pedestrians to eliminate uncertainty and ensure they are aware of your presence. Use your horn, lights, and signals to communicate effectively.
Why: Eye contact promotes clear communication and predictable behavior in traffic situations.
Pulling from the Curb and Mirror Usage
Pulling from Curb
When pulling from a curb, always signal your intentions, check your mirrors and blind spot, and ensure the lane is clear before proceeding. Keep your turn signal on until your vehicle is fully in the lane.
Why: Clear communication and proper observation prevent collisions when entering traffic.
Use of Mirrors and Gauges
Check your mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds to monitor lane position, traffic conditions, and potential mechanical problems. Substitute a mirror check with a glance at your oil or water gauge when traffic allows. Always return your focus to the road ahead after checking mirrors or gauges.
Why: Regular mirror and gauge checks promote awareness and prevent distractions while driving.