Cultural Pluralism, Unity, and Globalization: Understanding Integration
Cultural Pluralism, Unity of Reason, and Globalization
Multiculturalism and Integration
Integrating multiculturalism into the relationship between a group’s integrity and common citizenship is complex. The idea that laws should be neutral is challenged by the fact that not everyone agrees on beliefs, especially those based on oral traditions or religion. Laws should be justifiable to all citizens, but the State inevitably makes choices that are not neutral. Consider these examples:
- Amish: Restrictions on who members can buy land from.
- Jehovah’s Witnesses: Prohibiting blood transfusions, which the State may deny to members, including minors or unconscious adults in hospitals.
- Abortion: Differing opinions on whether it should be allowed or forbidden.
Many social identity groups are defined not only by objective features but also as political groups with a desire to participate. Not all individuals meeting objective criteria identify with the group and its culture.
A multinational state cannot function with isolated communities controlled solely by traditional institutions and ignoring common problems. Justice and welfare policies require shared civic patriotism and republican virtue, which all members of a democratic society should understand. Mature coexistence and active participation are achieved through effort and cultivating civic virtues in education and public institutions. Policies of “conservation” can weaken integration and maintain static aspects of culture.
Assimilation or Integration?
Criticism of multiculturalism often stems from fear of immigration and xenophobia. When entering a different culture, individuals are often required to adopt certain practices, potentially sacrificing their identity. A perfect society should not force assimilation but maintain respect for cultural identity, requiring respect from all.
- Promote participation and empower communities rather than isolating them.
- The existence of different cultures in the same political sphere need not negate universal values.
This leads to the idea that:
- There is more to world civilization than the convergence of all cultures.
- There isn’t a single political model for universal values and rights.
- Human capabilities, desires, and values can be reconciled harmoniously.
Key Points for Multiculturalism
- Cultures are not closed wholes.
- Beliefs and practices are controversial and contain different interpretations.
- Every culture involves exchange between sub-cultures (e.g., monotheistic religions).
- Cultural community membership supports variations.
The multiculturalist argument assumes individuals have a fundamental interest in maintaining their cultural practices and beliefs because:
- Culture provides the context for making choices and decisions.
- Belonging to a cultural community is part of a good life.
- Justice cannot be culturally neutral.
The Basic Idea
Every society must respect human dignity, and love for cultural diversity does not justify sacrificing personal autonomy. Diversity enriches us. Cultures must respect individual autonomy for society to function. Minorities must also be respected. A culture respectful of a person’s own culture must also respect the individual.