Construction Project Management: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted on May 14, 2024 in Economy

1. What is a Project?

A project is a set of documents and drawings that aim to prove, define, determine, and assess all elements and parts of a work with sufficient precision. This allows another technician of the same level, but different from the author of the project, to carry out the same works.

2. Construction Works: Concepts and Classification

A construction work, once completed, is capable of being delivered to the public or the department concerned. Construction works are classified as:

  • Construction of First Establishment: These works create a property or change the shape of the ground or subsoil.
  • Works for Reform: These works amend, extend, or improve an existing work.
  • Works of Great Repair: These works fix damage to a property from accidental causes involving the resistant structure.
  • Works of Simple Repair: These works fix damage to a property from accidental causes that do not affect the resistant structure.
  • Repair and Maintenance Works: These works fix damage to a property caused by the passage of time and the natural use of the property.
  • Demolition Works: These works overthrow and destroy existing works.

3. Project Documents and Their Purpose

  • Document No. 1 – Memory: This document proves the works in their legal, administrative, technical, and economic aspects. It should expose and present the project.
  • Document No. 2 – Plans: This document defines the work as a whole and in each of its parts.
  • Document No. 3 – Notification of Special Technical Requirements (PPTP): This document determines the conditions to be met by the materials, the conditions of implementation of the work units, and provides a way to measure and pay for those units.
  • Document No. 4 – Budget: This document assesses the works.

4. Contract Documents and the Meaning of a Contract

The contract documents for a project are:

  • Document No. 2 – Plans, except for takeoff and measurement plans.
  • Document No. 3 – PPTP.
  • Document No. 4 – Budget, prices only in boxes No. 1 and No. 2.

A contract is a binding agreement between the parties involved: the administration on one hand, and the company responsible for the execution of the work on the other.

5. Memory: Parts and Definitions

The memory is Document No. 1 of the project. It aims to justify the work in its legal, administrative, technical, and economic aspects, as well as introduce and present the project. It is divided into two parts:

  • Descriptive Memory: This expository part introduces the reader and coordinates the sections contained in other documents.
  • Supporting Memory (Attached Memory): This informational and justificatory part includes:
    • Starting Date: Constraints imposed by the property, the legal framework, and the environment surrounding the work.
    • Calculation Annex: A set of studies and calculations required for sizing the various elements of the work.
    • Price Justification Annex: This represents the composition of manpower, machinery, and materials, as well as indirect costs for the actual execution price of each of the work units.
    • Program: Included in projects with a budget exceeding €350k. The program outlines the work’s development over time and its optimal cost.
    • Other Annexes: Necessary attachments depending on the type and needs of the project, such as a study of rates, expropriation, affected services, health and safety, testing, etc.

6. Unit of Work: Concept

A unit of work is an elemental part of the work itself, signifying a certain action (labor, machinery) generally used in the construction of certain elements that have the character of materials. This action should be reflected in the execution of a certain part of the work.

7. Difference Between Direct and Indirect Costs

Direct costs correspond to the different elements involved in implementing each of the units of work (labor, machinery, materials).

Indirect costs arise from the implementation of the work but are not attributable to a particular work unit (facilities, salaries, contingencies). They are calculated based on the coefficients K1 and K2, where K = K1 + K2, and K is the ratio of indirect costs to implementation.

  • K1 = coefficient due to construction facilities, offices, workshops, etc. K1 = (CI / CD) x 100
  • K2 = the percentage quantified by management for different types of work (3% sea, 2% river, 1% land).

8. Procedures for Determining Hourly Labor Cost

The hourly cost is obtained from the pay scales according to the category of labor and the number of hours worked per year, which is established in the work schedule at the beginning of the year. It consists of:

  • Annual Compensation: The amount received by the worker that is not subject to negotiation.
  • Base Price: Quantities subject to negotiation.
  • Quotes: Amounts deducted by the employer as a quotation.

The total annual amount is the sum of Annual Compensation + Quotes.

9. Factors Influencing Machine Performance

Factors that influence the calculation of a machine’s performance include terrain, unit volume of work to be executed, weather impact, and degree of coupling to the pit. These factors are quantified based on the experience of previous projects, databases offered by literature, or statistical data compiled from observation of reality.

10. Factors to Consider When Calculating Material Prices

When calculating the price of materials for a project, the purchase price at the source must be added to the costs of loading, unloading, and transport, plus a share of the losses, breakages, and wastage of material.

11. Unit Price: Concept

The unit price is the actual execution price of each unit of work. These prices are those that become part of the price tables of Document No. 4. The formula is: P = CD + CI (Direct Cost + Indirect Cost).

12. Work Program: Mandatory Budget Elements

Regulations state that construction projects with budgets over €350k PTA shall include a program outlining the possible development of the work over time and its optimal costs.

13. Objectives of Boxes and Inserts

Boxes and inserts are the business card of a plan, containing the key features and contents of the plan in question.

14. Different Levels of Work Plans

Possible levels of work plans include:

  • Site plan
  • Definition map
  • Detail map
  • Measurement and takeoff plans

15. Recommendations for Folding and Presenting Plans

It is recommended to fold plans printed on A4-sized pages so that the bottom right corner (box) is always visible. Sometimes, the presentation of the entire project in A3 format is required. Plans must be listed in a logical order and adhere to a scale hierarchy.

16. Plans for Earth Movement and Road Pavements

To define earth movement and road pavements, the following plans are needed:

  • General Definition Plans: Longitudinal profile
  • Scale:
    • Horizontal: 1/2000 or 1/50
    • Vertical: 1/2000 or 1/50
  • Takeoff or Measurement Plans:
  • Scale: 1/2000 or 1/50

17. Document No. 4: Budget

The budget aims to assess the works, provide an idea of the cost, and serve as a basis for competition. It is divided into:

  • Measurements: Transactions to measure all work units that make up the work.
  • Table of Prices: A list of prices adopted for different work units. The system is based on the unit price, and the prices in these tables are fixed and defined in:
    • CP No. 1: Sets out the actual execution price of the units of work expressed in letters and numbers.
    • CP No. 2: Exposes the prorated prices for crediting incomplete work units.
  • Budget: Sets out the cost of the future work and includes:
    • Material Implementation Budget: Obtained by multiplying the measurements of each unit of work by the price in CP 1 and adding the corresponding items for the raised elements, if any. Its purpose is to obtain the total amount of works.
    • Contractual Enforcement Budget: Covers the costs a construction company will incur in connection with the execution of the work (overheads, tax), and the industrial profit, which is a percentage of both the BI and overheads. The IGIC is applied to this budget to obtain the PEC.
    • Total Budget or Management Knowledge: A private budget used by colleges to determine the amount of time and quality for the contract.

18. Simplifications in Work Measurements

Possible simplifications in work measurements include:

  • Deduction for holes
  • Increases for ties, edgings, overlaps, cuts, etc.
  • Compensation for non-deducted holes to fill the extra work and cost required by the auction of these holes
  • Using auxiliary measurements
  • Grouping similar work units

19. Applicable Standards for Work Measurements

Applicable standards for work measurements include:

  • Official Rules: Based on the provisions of the general technical requirements in force.
  • Union Standards: Based on the customs of the various trades.
  • Contractual Rules: Based on the provisions in the contract between the owner of the work and the construction company.

20. Objective of Price Tables No. 1 and No. 2

Price tables list the prices adopted for the different units of work:

  • CP 1: Sets out the actual execution prices of units of work.
  • CP 2: Breaks down CP 1 prices to pay for incomplete units and for changes made in the project.

21. Types of Budgets

The different types of budgets are:

  • Budget for physical implementation
  • Budget for contract execution
  • Total budget or management knowledge

22. Contradictory Price: Concept

A contradictory price is a price that is changed in relation to the project and established between the property owner and the builder.

23. Safety Studies in Budgets

The budget calculated for a safety study should be part of the project budget and established between the property owner and the builder.

24. Contract Execution Budget Coefficients

The percentage for tax and general expenses includes the costs that occur outside the site area. These percentages are between 13% and 17% of the PEM. The industrial profit percentage is 6% of the PEM.

25. Specific Technical Requirements (PPTP): Purpose and Parts

The PPTP aims to determine the projected work. It sets the conditions to be met by the materials and the conditions of implementation of various work units, defines the tests and trials, and provides a way to measure and pay for the work units. It is divided into:

  • Layout and Standards: This section should collect the different provisions, rules, instructions, and specifications related to the project.
  • Description of Work: A brief description of the works done by the designer, indicating the qualities and materials provided in each case and the basic dimensions of the work elements.
  • Conditions to be Met by Materials: This section establishes the conditions to be met by materials and facilities.
  • Conditions of Execution of Work Units: This section specifies how the various work units must be executed.
  • Tests and Testing: Details of the mandatory tests for the acceptance of materials and units of work once performed.
  • Measurement and Payment of the Works: This section lists the actions involved in executing each work unit and determines how to measure the units of work performed for payment purposes.
  • General Conditions: This section includes the general conditions deemed necessary that are not contained by law.

26. Administrative Clauses

Administrative clauses establish the economic conditions of the project. They are not part of the project itself but are performed by the administration once the project is made and when it comes to bidding.

27. Raised Items: Concepts and Classes

Raised items are global assessments of certain parts of a work that cannot be assessed by breaking them down into units of work, as is done with other parts of the work.

  • Raised Items to Justify: These items, at the time of writing the project, are not measures that can be broken down into units of work, but they can be after the completion of the work involved.
  • Pasture Items of Full Payment: Ancillary actions in the play where there is no interest in studying the cost of basic parts in detail. The contractor is paid simply for executing them.

28. Sections to Include in the Project Specification

Seven sections to be included in the contents of the project specification are:

  1. Background and purpose of the project
  2. Location of the work
  3. Description of the work environment
  4. Description and justification of the solution
  5. Deadline for execution of works
  6. Classification of the contractor
  7. Review of prices
  8. Budgets
  9. Conditions of execution

29. Description of the Work Environment

This section refers to all aspects of data collection and previous studies conducted for the project as a starting point for determining the appropriate solution.

30. Work Program Submission Deadline

The contractor is required to submit the work program within 30 days from the beginning of the play. This program should be a thorough study of the actual means the builder provides and must comply with the lead time specified in the contract.

31. Price Revision: Composition

The price revision section should specify if the project has no price revision or, if so, indicate the formula for review and explain why it is used. The formulas set by the designer are not contractual, but if there is a price revision formula set by the administration in the private contract documents, it must be followed.

32. Document Fixing the Contractor’s Status for Bidding

The specification document fixes the status of the contractor to bid for a play.

33. Documents to be Signed by the Project Author

The following documents must be signed by the author of the project:

  • The specification
  • Drawings
  • PPTP
  • Price tables 1 and 2
  • The budget

34. Difference Between a Safety Study and a Safety Plan

The health and safety study investigates the possibility of accidents resulting from the implementation of the work units and seeks solutions to avoid them. It is made by the designer.

The safety plan develops the provisions referred to in the study and is presented by the designer.

35. Circumstances Contributing to High Accident Rates in Construction

The high rate of accidents in the construction sector is influenced by the dangerous nature of the work, the temporary and insufficient training of workers, and the poor binding and complex relationship between employees and employers.

36. Safety Studies in Budgets

Safety studies are often structured in the following budget sections or chapters:

  • Memory:
    • Characteristics of the work
    • Analysis of potential risks
    • Measures of prevention
    • Training, preventive medicine, and first aid
    • Health and welfare facilities
  • Plan:
    • In situ
    • Collective protection
  • Conditions:
    • Conditions of the measures to be taken
    • Health and welfare facilities
  • Budget:
    • Measurements
    • Price box
    • Budgets

37. When a Health and Safety Study is Required

A health and safety study is required in the following cases:

  • The duration of the work exceeds 30 days.
  • More than 20 workers are working at a time.
  • The volume of labor, defined as the sum of the workdays of the cost of workers in the work, exceeds 500 days.
  • In works involving tunnels, galleries, dams, and underground pipes.
  • When the ministry deems it necessary.

38. Earth Movement Units

The units of measure for earth movement depend on the characteristics of the item being judged. Typically, m3 is used. In some cases, where the thickness of earth to be moved is small, it can be measured in m2 (clearing, cleaning), and linear meters for trench excavations.

39. Cubing Procedures for Earthworks

Different cubing procedures are used for earthworks depending on the shape and characteristics of the work:

  • For Prisms: Used when the ground has a polygonal shape with comparable dimensions in length and width.
  • For Cross Sections: Used when the work has a long development and narrow width.
  • Per Cubic Horizontal Sections: Used for clearing or filling mound- or ditch-shaped areas.

40. Classes of Measurements

There are two classes of measurements in construction:

  • Measurements on a Construction Site: These measurements are for work actually performed and are the basis for payment of works. They are performed based on data taken directly from the field, work plans, or project plans for the parties executed in full agreement with the project.
  • Measurements in the Project: These measurements are for the works included in a project and are the basis for obtaining the budget. They are performed based on the project plans.

41. Factors Influencing the Valuation of Land Movement

Factors that influence the valuation of land movement include:

  • Characteristics of the land
  • Size of the excavation
  • Distance of transport
  • Means to be used
  • Existence of water or moisture
  • Weather conditions

42. Difference Between Clearing, Excavation, Grading, and Drainage

Clearing, excavation, and grading involve the operations necessary for leveling and clearing the land to the height of the ground. Drainage, on the other hand, is unique in that the elevation of the land is below the surrounding terrain in all its extension.

43. Embankment: Concept, Machinery, Measurement, and Payment

An embankment is the extension and soil compaction from excavations on loan up to the elevation of the ground. The machinery used for embankment construction includes:

  • Motor Grader and Dozer: For cleaning and clearing the land.
  • Dozer, Leash, and Grader: To spread the material.
  • Water Tank: For moisturizing.
  • Roller Blade Goat, Roller, Pneumatic Roller, and Vibrating Elements: For compaction.

Measurement and payment for embankments are made in m3 actually executed, measured as the difference between initial and final data taken before and after performing the work. In the project, the measurement is done on a flat surface, measuring the embankment work actually carried out using cross sections to reflect reality.

44. Force Contract

Force contracts are those aimed at building a good building, altering the form or substance of the soil and subsoil, and the renovation, repair, maintenance, or demolition of the above.

45. Actions Prior to Award

Actions prior to the award of a contract include the development, processing, and layout of the project, as well as the processing and resolution of the tender dossier.

46. Recruitment File

The recruitment file is the set of preparatory actions for a contract that accounts for the awarding process.

47. Classification of Works for Project Development

For the purposes of developing a project, works are classified as:

  • Construction of First Establishment: These works create a property or change the form and substance of the ground or subsoil.
  • Construction of Reform: These works reshape, modify, extend, or improve an existing work.
  • Works of Great Repair: These works fix damage to a property from accidental causes that affect the resistant structure.
  • Repair and Maintenance Works: These works fix damage to a property caused by the passage of time and the natural use of the property.
  • Demolition Works: These works break down and destroy an existing work.

48. Difference Between Work Layout and Layout Verification

Yes, there is a difference. Work layout involves checking the geometric reality of the project and the availability of land for implementation. This is done after the project is approved and before the tender dossier is processed. Layout verification, on the other hand, involves confronting the previously made stakes on the ground by the administration prior to bidding. This is done to determine the viability of executing the work, identify affected land and services, and assess the possibility of normal contract development.

49. Prescriptive Documents of the Tender Dossier

The tender dossier, which is prepared after the project layout is made and before approval, must contain the following prescriptive documents:

  • Report from the project supervision office
  • Stake out act
  • Certificate of the existence of credit
  • Control of spending
  • Special administrative clauses

50. Points to Include in Private Contract Documents

Private contract documents must include the following points:

  • Definition of the object of the contract
  • Budget
  • Express confirmation of the existence of credit
  • Total and partial implementation timeframe
  • Specific rights and obligations of the parties
  • Special causes for termination
  • Administrative penalties
  • Warranty period
  • Price revision clause
  • Clause and requirements that can be modified
  • Form of contract award
  • Classification of contractors
  • Guarantees
  • Submission to the PLCAP and general contract documents
  • Any other clause to be applied

51. Classes of Procurement Records

There are three types of procurement records based on their processing:

  1. Regular Processing: The various stages of the procedure follow the rules of general application, meeting the deadlines set by law.
  2. Urgent Processing: The tender dossier is declared urgent by the recruitment agency due to urgent contract performance or the need to accelerate the public interest. The emergency declaration entails:
    • Preference in the office of records for different organs (5 days to issue reports)
    • Halving of the deadlines set in the LCAP (Law of Contracts of Government) for the bidding and award of the work and for the submission of tenders or requests
    • The administration may decide to start the award even though it has not yet been formalized
    • The performance of the contract (time of commencement of the work) will begin within two months from the date of award
  3. Emergency Handling: Applies when the government must act immediately due to a catastrophic event, extremely dangerous situations, or needs that affect national security. The LCAP allows for agreeing on the implementation of what is necessary to remedy the emergency situation without completing any formal requirements. Once the executed actions are completed, the necessary procedures for the control and approval of expenditure are carried out.

52. Seizure of Interim and Final Bonds

A bond is a legal document required for a contractor to go to tender, ensuring the business capacity of applicants. There are two types of bonds:

  1. Provisional Bond: Seized if the contract is terminated before it is awarded. This occurs if:
    • The contractor does not meet the deadlines set from the date of notification of award, which are:
      • 15 days to form the final deposit
      • 10 working days to formalize the contract
  2. Final Deposit: Seized if the contract is resolved, breached by the contractor, or in cases of bankruptcy, insolvency, or fraud.

53. Guarantees: Concepts and Classes

Guarantees are a prerequisite for bidding on government works. They establish the constitution of a guarantee to ensure the implementation capacity of aspiring companies. The different classes of guarantees are:

  • Provisional Guarantee: Required to bid on the work, equivalent to 3% of the tender base. It can be deposited in cash, debt title, or by guarantee. The guarantee provided by the successful tenderer will be retained until the conclusion of the contract. This guarantee will be returned to contractors that have not been awarded the work. The awarded contractor must provide the final guarantee within 15 days and sign the contract within 10 days. If the awarded contractor fails to provide the final guarantee, the provisional security will be forfeited.
  • Short-Term Guarantee: Applies to awarded construction contracts of the government. It is 5% of the base for competition (bidding) or the auction price and should be provided within 15 working days after the notification of the award of the work. Once the settlement of the contract is approved and the warranty period has passed, it will be reimbursed.
  • Complementary Guarantee: 5% of the bid base, constituted as final if the work is of particular importance.
  • Fully Guaranteed: 100% of the budget, established if the award has been for auction and the contractor’s budget is presumed reckless. If time has passed and no recklessness is found, it is returned and becomes the final guarantee (4%).
  • Comprehensive Guarantee: 4% with reference to all contracts that the company has with the administration (e.g., Development).

54. Classification of Contractors for State Work

Spanish companies or foreign companies (from countries of the European Community) can be classified as contractors for state work. Companies in non-member countries must meet the requirement of reciprocity, be entered in the register, and have an open branch in Spain.

The classification serves to ensure the technical and economic capacity to handle the execution of a contract of a certain size. To contract with the state for a work with a budget of less than €60,101.42 or €120,202.42 in the case of consultancy and support contracts, services, or specific and unusual concrete work, the contractor must have previously obtained such a classification.

The classification of companies takes into account:

  • Economic and Financial Solvency: Justified by reports from financial institutions, presentation of balance sheets, and statements of overall turnover and works and supplies for the past 3 years.
  • Technical Solvency: Justified by providing and accrediting academic qualifications and experience, presenting the recruitment in the area in which classification is sought in the last 5 years, and describing the technical team and private means of study and research available.

The existing categories are set according to the maximum annual amount that the contractor has executed over the past 5 years, categorized by subgroup. The classification is embodied in groups and subgroups, largely technical, and so-called categories that reflect the economic volume of work to be executed annually.

Categories:

  • A:
  • B: €10-20M
  • C: €20-60M
  • D: €60-140M
  • E: €140-400M
  • F: > €400M

55. Documenting the Contractor’s Status for Bidding

The Statement of Administrative Terms (PCAP) documents the status of the contractor, including their ranking records, to bid for a play.

56. Bidding Procedures, Forms of Procurement, and Documentation

The procedures for awarding contracts for state work are:

  • General Information: Any employer may submit a proposal.
  • Restricted Procedure: Only entrepreneurs selected in advance by the Board after their request may submit proposals.
  • Negotiated Procedure: The administration awards the contract to the employer who submits the best offer after negotiation and consultation on the terms of the contract with one or more employers.

The possible forms of awards in the above procedures are:

  • Auction: Awarded to the bidder offering the lowest price, not to exceed the established rate.
  • Competition: The award goes to the tenderer who makes the most advantageous proposal in their contract, taking into account the criteria established in the specifications, such as price, review formula, execution time, quality, etc.

The documentation to be provided by tenderers includes:

  • Certification of the legal status of the employer
  • Certification of the contractor’s classification
  • Signed declaration of not being subject to a hiring ban
  • Certification of the provisional guarantee
  • Documentary evidence of being up to date with tax and social security obligations

57. Negotiation Procedure

In the negotiation procedure, the administration awards the contract to the employer with the best offer after negotiation and consultation on the terms of the contract with one or more employers. Only selected business proposals submitted by management upon request in response to the administration’s invitation may be applied to auction and tender. The contracting authority should issue invitations to participate in the proceedings. The number of companies invited will be greater than 5 and less than 20.

58. Stakeholder Proposition

Bidders must submit financial statements within the period prescribed in the LCAP for each type of procedure.

59. Difference Between Open and Restricted Auction

Both open and restricted auctions follow the same procedure, require the same documents, and are awarded to the lowest proposal. The difference is that in an open auction, all employers (contractors) may submit a proposal, while in a restricted auction, only entrepreneurs selected by the Board after their request in response to the administration’s invitation may submit proposals.

60. Competitive Bidding System

A work can be claimed through a competitive bidding system when the award is made to the overall proposition that is most advantageous in several or all of the criteria, not just economically. This applies in the following circumstances:

  • The price has not been defined and is based on a draft from the administration. The project ends or is completed, and this is a contest-work project.
  • Only the trace is given, and then the project is completed with different solutions.

The award criteria should be included in the statement in descending order of importance and weighted accordingly. Contracts awarded by contest include:

  • Those whose project or budget could not be established by management
  • When the definition of performance adopted by the administration can be improved by the tenderers
  • Those to perform contracts that provide administration and auxiliary materials requiring special guarantees for good use by contractors
  • Those requiring the use of advanced technologies and complex implementation

The deadline for award entries is 3 months.

61. In what cases can be applied direct contracting?
The LCAP sets out circumstances in which you can use the negotiated procedure:
– In advertising, when the proposals in the open or restricted procedures are irregular or unacceptable, when works are carried out only for research purposes only and not to yield, in exceptional cases when they try to work whose nature can not permit prior price, the amount is equal to or greater than € 3,976,633.90 announced in the Official Journal within 37 or 15 days in case of emergency.
– No advertising technical specifications, urgency, additional works of the project but more than 20%, secrets and reserved and less than € 30,050.60.

62.Adjudicación provisional and final.
Provisional award, the jury is involved in the procurement procedure to exercise the function of advising the contracting authority. A table can examine the documentation submitted with applications for recruitment, once described this documentation, the envelopes containing the proposal, finally, in the light of those deemed necessary technical reports and proposals of the bidders, raise to the table a proposal for award. This proposal does not create any rights in favor of the employer proposed to be agreed by the award by the contracting authority.
Final award: the award of contract for the contracting authority may depart from the proposal made by the bureau while giving reasons for its decision. In the case of an auction procedure, the award agreement may only be accepted on the proposal on the table:
“When the proposal was made in violation of the law.
“When the offer falls within the abnormally low.
In the contest, the contracting authority has the power to award the contract most advantageous proposal, without regard to economic criteria or declare null and void.
63.Plazo to allocate by auction or tender.
The deadline for tenders is to award over 20 days from the day following bid opening, in the contest, the deadline is 3 months.
64.Formalización the contract.
Within 30 days from the day following the notification of award, the contract will be awarded in an administrative document, being a necessary precondition, the lodging for the winner of the final guarantee.
65. What previous actions, should be made before the execution of a work?, Description of each.

or designation of the project manager and the delegate of the contractor: the administration before the date checking layout, make the appointment of the physician director of works, notifying the contractor, the construction manager is the person responsible for checking and monitoring the completion of the work. In addition, the contractor is required to notify the administration within 15 days, resident or contractor delegate, delegate means the person appointed directly by the contractor and accepted by management with sufficient capacity to:
· To represent the contractor.
To organize the execution of the work.
· Interpret and implement the orders received from management.
To collaborate with the project management.

– Checking the layout: it seeks to confront on the ground, the stake previously made by management, prior to bidding. Speakers, administration and construction. Checking the layout will be made after finalization of the contract, it can not exceed a month.

66.Actuaciones that can lead to the fact that the result dela layout verification record does not show the disposition of the land, its suitability and feasibility of the works.
The contractor makes reservations in the record making, beginning the suspension of work until the government issued the resolution, as it deems appropriate, whether the suspension should cease permanently or spend 6 months suspension without agreement on the status issue, the contractor shall be entitled to terminate the contract without breach of warranty and to receive 3% of the hammer price.
67.Libro orders and incidents.
Will open at the time staking and checking at the reception will be closed during this period, is available to address work, which set the directions and orders as it deems appropriate.
68.En that period, the contractor is required to submit the work program and that part should contain.
Within 30 days after notification of approval to start work, a work program where you set the specific contract documents shall contain the following:
-Management classes in parts of the whole project.
-Determination of the necessary means.
-Monthly and cumulative rating of the work scheduled.
-Graphs of the various activities and work.

69.Certificación. Concept and classification.
It is the legal document evidencing the amounts received by the contractor for partial settlements, the certificates are signed by management and character of the receipt on account of the built work.

Certification Classes:
– Regular Certificate: Issued under current annuity.
– Certification Advance: annuities issued for committed for future years.
– Certification of balance of payment: Extended to settle the remaining balance at the end of the work.
– Simultaneous Certification: Issued the same one or two normal on the same date after exhaustion of the existing annuity and other annuity charged in advance to the next.
– Certifications Past: previously issued.

70. How should understand the fact that subscriptions to the contractor arising from the certificates issued during the execution of the work are interim payments to good account?
Fertilizers to the contractor resulting from the certification are those that are paid, but are subject to changes that occur in the final measurement made delivery of the work and without assuming the approval and acceptance of work.
71.Abono account of collected materials, equipment and facilities.
Materials collected: when there is no danger that the materials collected in work becoming impaired or disappear, you can pay the contractor up to 75% of its value, including such item in the monthly valued relationship and taking into account the advance to later deduce the total amount of units of work in which such materials are included.
Equipment and facilities: payments on account may be granted by the machinery and facilities necessary for the implementation of the work, property where the contractor and are to be used in the immediate term.
72.Enumerar specific type of incidents that may arise in the development of the work.
-Compensation in case of force majeure.
-Missed deadlines.
-Changes in the contracts.
“Indexation of annuities.
Suspension of the work.
“Assignment and subcontracting.
-Review of prices.

73.Diferencia between modified and reformed project.
The amended draft is due to new requirements or for technical reasons unforeseen at the drafting of the project, the contractor is required to its execution, without any compensation, if this does not exceed 20% of the budget. When the change brings with it the introduction of new construction units must be established for these new prices, if the contractor does not agree with them will be free to run.
The amended Bill (Amendment of the work): unauthorized modification of the work regarding the project that serves as the basic responsibility of the contractor shall not be entitled to the payment thereof and shall be required to be demolished if it is ordered, must also compensate the government.
74. How do they differ substantially private works contracts to those made by the state?
In that private contracts are governed by private law not by LCAP, differ mainly in the absence of specific stiffness of administrative contracts and the relationship of equality between the contracting parties, in accordance with the terms of the contract, ie, the prevailing principle of autonomy.
75. Is there a difference between the layout of the work and verification of layout? If there says they are.
The layout of the work is to test the geometric reality of it and the availability of land for the normal execution, an act that makes the administration, while checking the layout is an act done by the contractor after the work awarded which reflects:
-Geometric nature of the work.
-Authorization for the acquisition of the land.
“For every budget that will affect the fulfillment of the contract.

76.Enumerar different possible work plans.
-Plan of work of the designer.
Work-plan administration.
-Plan of work of the contractor bid.
-Plan of work of the successful tenderer.
-A part of these plans, the builder usually make a plan of work for internal use.

77. What is the Contractor’s rights in relation to?: Fixed
o Occupation and monitoring of the site of the work, the contractor may not occupy any land that will latch on the work order until it receives the address of the work, the contractor also is responsible for monitoring.
Maintenance and replacement or servitude: The contractor is required to perform to his level of work required to maintain during the execution of the work and recover at the end of it for the easements.
or goods that appear in the execution of the work: The contractor is entitled to free use with permission only for the direction and execution of the work, the elements appear, if there are objects of art, archaeological …, will be owned administration.

78.Revisión prices.
It is the legal act by which the state recognizes the builder (contractor) an increase in contract prices in a work from a certain date, due to the violation that occurs, an increase driven by higher prices legal labor, materials and energy.
Conditions for application:
“Regarding the contract:
ouch in the statement of the contract containing the price revision clause and also detailed the formula is revised.
ouch within 6 months from the start of the work.
oNo take place in specific contracts.

“Referring to the contractor:
ouch works bear no delays due to causes attributable to him.

“Concerning the work:
ouch has been certified at least 20% of the budget of the work, that 20% do not have the right to review.
o If the work is done based on a modified project, means that 20% for the new budget.

-Regarding the assessment of prices:
Touch the quotient resulting from the implementation of the corresponding polynomial formula according to the official price index is higher or lower to 1,025 to 0,975.

79.Fases where it can take place to terminate the contract.

– Resolution prior to execution of the contract: if the successful tenderer for reasons imputable to him, does not meet the conditions required for the execution of the contract, is not within the final guarantee.
“Termination of contract after being formalized caused by:
oLa nonpayment by the administration within 8 months.
wave changes in the project involving an alteration exceeds 20% of the budget.
oLa suspension of work for a period exceeding 6 months later.
or Death or incapacity of the contractor.
oLa extinction of the legal status of the contractor company.
oLa bankruptcy or insolvency.
oFalta to provide the final guarantee.

80. In what circumstances may proceed to the seizure of the interim and final bonding?

– Provisional Deposit: If the successful tenderer for reasons attributable to it, does not meet the conditions required for the execution of the contract or is not within the final guarantee.
– Final Deposit: If the contract is terminated because of contractor, the bond forfeited. The resolution may be due to:
Touch the contractor in default with respect to total time.
oLa non-submission of work program within 30 days.
oFraude or deception.
Contractor wave breaks.
o In the event of default.
oWhen works at the reception were not able to be received.
oWhen in a joint venture of contractors, some of them are found in cases of death, dissolution or bankruptcy.

81.Conclusión the contract, schedule and brief description of administrative actions to make the provisional acceptance to the cancellation of the contract. fixed

– Reception: Once completed the works by the contractor, verified receipt of the same, this reception is a formal act is to verify that the contractor has fulfilled its obligation to deliver power to charge for public use or service for, lifting the corresponding record.
– Guarantee period: carried the reception of the works, begins the warranty period, it shall be established by the complexity of the work during this period is the responsibility of the contractor and police conservation works. If the work had hidden defects in the construction, the contractor liable for damages within 15 years.
– Payment: within 3 months from receipt, the contractor must be agreed for payment and pay the resulting balance.
– Return of final guarantee, approved the settlement of the contract and if there had been no problem.

82.Distintos types of private construction contract regarding the valuation and payment.

– Contract for work to be measured: unit prices are agreed and by measuring the work performed and application of these prices to obtain the total property must pay.
– Contract work lump sum: The contract has a fixed price, calculated a priori, by which the contractor undertakes to carry out the works.
– Case in which the contractor acts as an intermediary: the work provides human resources, materials and machinery, taking the toll of the real costs of ownership.

83.Modificaciones of projects and their effect.
The administration may make changes to the project, if due to:
-New requirement.
Causes unforeseen technical-drafting the proposal consists of the documents defining such changes if the change is an increase or decrease the budget must be reset the execution time. If the changes are 50% of the contractor may request termination of the contract.

84.Enumerar specific type of incidents that may arise in the development of a work.
-Compensation in case of force majeure.
-Failure of deadlines and penalties, extensions.
-Change in the contracts.
-Adjustment of annuities.
Suspension of the works.
“Assignment and subcontracting.
-Review of prices.

85.Causas resolution of a labor contract before its conclusion.

“Do not be the final deposit within 15 days.
“Do not execute the contract within 10 days.
“Do not perform layout verification in less than a month.

86.Causas resolution of a labor contract after its conclusion.

Lack of payment by the administration in 8 months.
-Modifications to an alteration project involving> 20% of the budget or involving a substantial alteration of the initial project.
Suspension of works for a period> 6 months agreed by management.
“Death or incapacity of the individual contractor.
Statement of bankruptcy or insolvency.
“Mutual Agreement between Government and the contractor.
Lack of provision of the final deposit or special.
-Other causes.

Directa.no 87.Contratación
Contract procurement procedure in which private property to the contractor awarded the work you choose.
ProyectoAutorizaciónReplanteo
Monitoring record contrataciónInforme
Acta stakeout
Credit Certificate of existence
Award
p.negociado
DesignaciónFirma the contract (30 days) p.abierto
(Bid) p. restricted
Optional Director
Delegate contrat. (30 days)
Acta Mod.Proyecto layout verification
Additional Works Home
Paper incidents
Book orders
Private-contractor
Works
Acta recepciónFinalización obrasEjecución
Chance of services 6 months 15 years
Clearance obraDevolución fianzamediciones
Reviews
Certification

88.Principios basic programming.

“The deadlines set by the ownership of the work must comply.
“The hired labor must remain as stable as possible not experiencing frequent and sudden changes.
“The machinery and auxiliary equipment attached to a work should be maximized.
“The resulting program should be clearly understandable.

89.Programación works. Concept and objective.
Schedule a work is to provide the work of the media and procedures, which enables the minimum execution cost or the minimum term.
The programming required to provide a way to perform the work, means and procedures used and the time point of completion of various activities or jobs.
90.Actuaciones prior to programming.
-Depth review of project and construction site.
-Decomposition of the work or work activities elementary.
-Analysis of the relationships between the various activities of the work.
-Determining the means and construction procedures to be followed.
-Calculus of durations of activities.

91.Clasificación works for the purposes of the official program does not work MOPU
Depending on the importance of the work from the standpoint of the budget and the amount of monthly investments, it seems advisable to establish different criteria in developing the program, there are three groups:
– Group A: budget or less or average investment 30.050.60 € 3.005.06 € monthly.
– Group B: budget greater than € 30,050.60 and investing less than or equal monthly average € 18,030.36.
– Group C: larger budget of 30,050.60 € and higher monthly average investment of € 18,030.06.
The Group C program should include the following elements:
-Report explaining the process of carrying out the work with the following points:
osolución given to the traffic problems.
oestudio of the problems posed by eminent domain.
odeterminación class of works.
odivisión of the work in installments.
“Determination of the quantities of work: in each activity determine the quantities of work to be executed in different sections.
“Estimation of means, will be based on some teams for each of the activities, calculating their hourly output useful.
-Duration of activities: estimating the yield of each team, set the duration of each activity, the presentation will take place in space-time diagram.

92. What does it mean?: Fixed
Activity fictitious diagram are ancillary activities that represent just a connection or interdependence between two nodes and is characterized not consume time, effort, and resources. Are necessary because there is activity that have identical start and end are different and we must differentiate, is represented in broken lines and is placed at time zero.
Critical activity is said that a PERT activity is critical when the total float is zero (zero) in this case its two antecedent and consequent events are also critical. But this does not mean that an activity that joins two events is also critical.
Critical Path: one in which all component activities have zero total float. There is always at least one critical path, does not give the duration of the project.
Maximum: the deadline which can not be passed to start activities starting from a node or event, if passed, does not meet the deadline provided.
Minimum time represents the minimum time before which it is possible to start the activities that are based on the (node).
Slack: we will each activity a total clearance, a free and independent.
Clearance-total: represents the total possible delay in the onset of activity, assuming that all preceding activities start at their earliest moments and all the moments following their latest.
Clearance-free: it represents the possible delay in the onset of activity when the preceding and subsequent activities start at their earliest moments.
-Independent clearance, represents the possible delay in the onset of activity, ie the previous activities completed as late as possible and as soon as possible after starting.

93.El Pert system.
Can be applied to any program that can define all basic operations required for full development, using the PERT to the organization of a work, provides among other things, what is the most appropriate way for the time spent is minimum.


94.Tipos of producción.fijo

– Production chain: is that each team performs on different activities.
– Production cycle: is that the same team performed the same activity repeatedly in order to apply it is necessary to have similar parts in the work that can be performed in succession.
– Production in parallel, is that two or more teams working simultaneously perform the same activity. To apply it is necessary to have similar parts in the work that can be done independently.

Basic 95.Elementos.

– Activity: it is an act necessary to achieve a certain target in the scope of a project and characterized by a duration.
– Event: In the moment that marks the end of the activities in the busy and the beginning of that part of it.
– Road: is a sequence of event-related activities can be string, network, or reticulum.

96.Baja reckless.
Any proposal which exceeds 10% units below the arithmetic mean of all proposals submitted.