Concept of education
| 3 types of population distribution | Even, random, lumped | ||
| 2. | Aerobes | need oxygen | |
| 3. | Algae | Euglenids Red, green, or brown algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates | |
| 4. | Algae are important producers in the food chain because | they contain chlorophyll and are autotrophs | |
| 5. | Anaerobes | Don’t need oxygen | |
| 6. | Analyze the scientific basis for Darwin’s species evolution and human evolution theories | These theories are highly speculative because of the incomplete fossil record and the ecological nature of fossilization | |
| 7. | Animals trophic relationship | Secondary and Tertiary consumers | |
| 8. | Apicomplexa Plasmodium vivax | Malaria | |
| 9. | Are Africans, Asians, Europeans, and Indians different species? | No, they are of the same species, experiencing gene flow | |
| 10. | Are mules a species? Why? | No, they do not experience gene flow | |
| 11. | Are the plant spores similar to the bacterial and fungal spores? | The bacterial and fungal spores are dormant and resistant to damage; the plant spores are means of reproduction | |
| 12. | Autotrophs/plants trophic relationship | Primary producers | |
| 13. | Bacterial growth involves | One cell divides into two, so the growth is exponential Generation time is the doubling time for population to double Asexual reproduction | |
| 14. | The behavior of dominance hierarchies plays a positive role in | enhancing flow of the favorite genes | |
| 15. | Can predation on zebras in Africa by lions lead to the zebra extinction? | No, predation controls the population of the prey organisms that are weakened by sickness and infectious diseases, which can spread among the organisms |
| 16. | Competition exclusion principles state that | No two species can occupy the same niche at the same time Extinction or migration of the species Evolution of the species to find different niches | |
| 17. | Concept of ecology | Bolivar has a community of the human population, the animal populations, and plant populations | |
| 18. | Consumers in marine ecosystems | Zooplankton (Crustaceans, jellyfish, juvenile fish) Sponges, clams, oysters, crustaceans sea anemones Sharks | |
| 19. | Consumers role in the carbon cycle | Heterotrophs and cellular respiration | |
| 20. | The cougar population in Florida was shrinking but protected by laws. If it were extinguished, the reason might be | Genetic drift occurs in small populations | |
| 21. | Decomposers role in the carbon cycle | Heterotrophs and decomposition | |
| 22. | Describe the sequence of the succession events from an abandoned farmland. | Annual, biennial, perennial plants (pines, oaks, hickory) | |
| 23. | Does have a flagellum | Euglenids Dinoflagellates Pfiesteria piscidia Chlamydomonas | |
| 24. | Does not have a flagellum | Diatoms | |
| 25. | Driving processes for natural selection | Different survival, reproductive rates, and mate choices | |
| 26. | Ecology studies | the relationship between organisms and their environments. | |
| 27. | Environment is defined as | the biotic and abiotic factors that affect an organism during its lifetime | |
| 28. | Escherichia coli is a mutualistic bacterium because | It makes vitamin K for humans who provide nutrients for the bacterium | |
| 29. | The establishment of the three major domains of life is based on | The sequence of rRNA | |
| 30. | Example of a climax community | Tropical rain forest |
| 31. | Example of aerobes or anaerobes that can live near a hot spring | Thermophiles | |
| 32. | Example of an external parasite | Mosquitoes, ticks | |
| 33. | Example of producers in lakes and ponds | Submerged plants (elodea, chara) | |
| 34. | Examples of fungus | Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota | |
| 35. | Examples of gymnosperms | Conifers, cycads, ginkgos | |
| 36. | Examples of k-strategy | Humans, elephants | |
| 37. | Fact based on fossil record | Species extinction and their fossils | |
| 38. | Fern life cycle | The underground stem is called rhizome The leaves are termed fronds Sori are the spore-producing structures on the fronds Archegonium is the multicellular, egg-producing organ; but antheridium is the sperm-producing organ occurring in seedless plants Adult sporophytes include the rhizome, roots, and fronds. Fronds carries sori Sori produce spores by meiosis Spores that are dropped into soil develop into gametophyte The sperms from archegonia swim to the egg in antheridium where fertilization occurs | |
| 39. | Fitness according to the evolution theory means | Reproductive success | |
| 40. | The following are assumed to be major evolutionary changes in early cellular life | The Development of an Oxidizing Atmosphere The Establishment of Three Major Domains of Life The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells The Development of Multicellular Organisms | |
| 41. | Food chain/trophic level | Series of organisms feeding on each other | |
| 42. | For association learning, what involves the indirect positive-negative reinforcement? | Observational learning | |
| 43. | Geological timeline | Eons, era, period, epoch |
| 44. | Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica | Diarrhea | |
| 45. | The growth of human population is affected essentially | With biology education and spiritual wisdom | |
| 46. | Gymnosperms differ from angiosperms. What aspect would you consider about the difference? | Production of naked seeds, flowers, and fruit | |
| 47. | H1N1 stands for | Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase | |
| 48. | Habitats vs. Niches | Habitat – area where an organism lives Niche – role that the organism plays | |
| 49. | Heterotrophs | Need energy from other organisms | |
| 50. | Heterotrophs trophic relationship | Primary consumers | |
| 51. | How are infections stopped by the host’s immune system? | Innate and adaptive immunity | |
| 52. | How are Normal Microbiota protective? | They protect against potentially harmful organisms They help develop immune tolerance They stimulate immune system | |
| 53. | How did Hernando Cortez and 600 soldiers conquer millions of the Aztec Empire warriors by smallpox virus? | Hernando’s soldiers had already been exposed to the smallpox virus in Europe and built up immunity | |
| 54. | How do carnivores obtain phosphorus? | Eating herbivores | |
| 55. | How does communication contribute to animal reproduction? | Sound, Chemicals, Visual cues | |
| 56. | How does gene expression affect natural selection? | Penetrance or expressivity, timing of gene expression, selection on total phenotype | |
| 57. | How does Population Density relate to the pressure? | High population density increases the population pressure High population pressure leads to death and dispersal of some organisms in a population High population pressure leads to a decrease in the population density |
| 58. | How does the nitrogen cycle differ from the carbon cycle? | Capturing, releasing, consuming, recycling/decomposing | |
| 59. | How do leaves control water loss? | Transpiration via stomata | |
| 60. | How do Microbiota protect against potentially harmful organisms-pathogens? | Covering binding sites used for pathogenic attachment Consuming nutrients available to pathogens Producing toxic compounds such as antibiotics | |
| 61. | How do pathogenic bacteria cause disease? | Altering the normal physiology of the tissue they invade Releasing enzymes that destroy the tissue they invade Releasing toxins or poisons into the hosts tissue | |
| 62. | How do Population growth k- differ from r-strategies? | R-strategies: many offspring, high death rate K-strategies: few offspring, low death rate | |
| 63. | How do prions cause disease? | Infectious prions come in contact with normal prions and cause them to change | |
| 64. | How do prions differ from viruses? | Prions are infectious proteins that can replicate unlike viruses that contain nucleic acids | |
| 65. | How do protozoa differ from algae? | They lack cell walls and chlorophyll | |
| 66. | How do the primary and secondary successions differ? | The pioneer community in a primary succession is lichens. The pioneer community in a secondary succession is annual weeds. | |
| 67. | How do the seedless vascular plants resemble seed-producing vascular plants in their life cycles? | Both are the sporophytes plants Both undergo mitosis and meiosis; the latter generates spores Both have the gametophyte stages Both produce embryos by fertilization | |
| 68. | How do viruses cause disease? | They enter the cell whole or inject their nucleic acids into the cell to reproduce | |
| 69. | How do viruses differ from bacteria and animal cells? | Viruses are obligate intracellular non-living parasites | |
| 70. | How is a community identified? | By its inter-dependent and stable food web |
| 71. | How is carrying capacity determined by limiting factors? | If carrying capacity increases, so do the limiting factors | |
| 72. | How is genetic diversity generated? | Mutation and migration Sexual reproduction and DNA recombination | |
| 73. | How is the plant life cycle unique in contrast to animals? | Photosynthesis | |
| 74. | How was the theory of spontaneous generation disproved? | Pasteur and Redi’s experiments | |
| 75. | How would modern migration affect gene frequency? | It takes a shorter amount of time to travel from place to place | |
| 76. | How would wars alter age distribution? | Reproductive adults decline in number | |
| 77. | If I become obese, what kinds of bacteria can be found in my intestinal flora? | More firmicutes including gram-positive clostridium, bacillus species | |
| 78. | In a honeybee society, what is related to altruism? | Collecting food, defending the hive, caring for the larvae | |
| 79. | In an experiment seeds were collected from the flowering grazed and ungrazed grass fields after 10 years. These seeds were planted in a laboratory. The results: | The seeds from the ungrazed grass produced tall grasses | |
| 80. | Instinctive behavior differs from learned behavior in that the former is | Inherited | |
| 81. | Instinctive behavior involves | Stimulus and response | |
| 82. | In the early reducing environments of Earth, what was assumed to come first? | Autotrophs | |
| 83. | Intrinsic limiting factors | Population density, abnormal social behaviors, decrease in litter size | |
| 84. | Is there a certain end point to succession? | It depends on temperature and soil condition |
| 85. | Life cycle of a flowering plant | Seeding, sporophyte with flower, gametophytes in the anther and the ovary, meiosis to generate microgametophytes and megagametophytes, pollination, double fertilization, embryo and seed development in fruit | |
| 86. | Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax (malaria) | Asexual reproduction in humans Sexual fertilization of gametocytes in mosquito stomach The apicomplexan gametocytes in human blood are hypoid | |
| 87. | Louis Pasteur tested the theory of spontaneous generation and came up with the conclusion that | There are microorganisms in the air | |
| 88. | Marine Ecosystems | Euphotic zone Pelagic ecosystems Benthic ecosystems Estuaries Abyssal ecosystems | |
| 89. | A medical team came back from west Africa where Ebola infection is endemic. A week later, a few team members had the flu-like symptoms and complained of abdominal pain and nausea. What would you do? | Quarantine them for at least three weeks | |
| 90. | Microorganisms trophic relationship | Detritivores/decomposers | |
| 91. | A mining company plans to wipe out an area of coniferous forest to mine lithium, an element used for making batteries. What should you be aware of? | The spectrum of niches for wild animals and plants | |
| 92. | The most fundamental division of cell types is between the | Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | |
| 93. | Natural selection reduces genetic diversity in the following ways | Stabilizing, directional, disruptive | |
| 94. | Navigation and migration of animals does not depend on the sun. Such behaviors include | Navigation by stars for night-time migration and navigation by compass in the birds’ heads |
| 95. | Nonvascular plant life cycle | 1. Parent gametophyte with the mature sporophyte atop 2. Meiosis in capsule 3. Spore germination in soil 4. New male and female gametophytes with antheridium and archegonium each atop. Swimming of the flagellated sperm to the egg for fertilization 5. Mature sporophytes atop gametophyte | |
| 96. | Nonvascular plants use what mechanisms to obtain water and nutrients? | Diffusion and osmosis | |
| 97. | Of the three factors that determine the changes of a population over time, which one is a selective agent? | Environmental factors that affect individuals | |
| 98. | Opportunistic pathogens | Attack when you are already weak | |
| 99. | Opportunistic pathogens are | Highly virulent | |
| 100. | Organism interactions in the ecosystem include | Competition, Predation, and Symbiotic Relationships | |
| 101. | Photosynthetic/Producers in the marine ecosystems | Phytoplankton (Bacteria and algae) Sea weeds Coral reef | |
| 102. | Pollination of gymnosperms | A process of getting pollen (male gametophytes) from male cones to the female cones A pollen tube is grown into the archegonium of the female gametophyte Pollens are transferred into female cone | |
| 103. | Primary pathogens | Can get you sick at any time | |
| 104. | Producers role in the carbon cycle | Autotrophs and photosynthesis | |
| 105. | The productivity of the ecosystem is dependent on | Growth of plants | |
| 106. | Prokaryotes do not have | A nuclear membrane | |
| 107. | The prokaryotic members of the microbial world include | Bacteria and Archaea | |
| 108. | Protista | Algae Protozoa Fungus-like protista |
| 109. | Protozoan | Flagellates Ameboid Apicomplexa Ciliates | |
| 110. | The reproductive behavior of the following animals involves r-strategies | Grasshoppers, mosquitos, frogs, rats | |
| 111. | The scientific concept of evolution deals with | Micro and macro evolution | |
| 112. | Seedless Vascular plant life cycle | 1. Adult sporophytes that include the rhizome, roots, and fronds. Fronds carry sori 2. Sori that produce spores by meiosis 3. Spores that are dropped into soil develop into gametophyte 4. Fertilization occurs where the sperms from antheridium swim to the egg in archegonium 5. Young sporophytes that grow from gametophyte | |
| 113. | Seedless vascular plants (Ferns) | Tropical Rainforest | |
| 114. | Seed-producing vascular gymnosperms (Pine trees) | Boreal Coniferous Forest | |
| 115. | Some dinoflagellates have symbiotic relationships with reef corals because | the dinoflagellates provide food for the reef corals that in turn produce habitats for the algae to multiply | |
| 116. | Speculation based on fossil record | Adaptive evolution Divergent evolution Convergent evolution | |
| 117. | Stages of the life cycle of a pine tree | Seeding, sporophyte growth, production of a pollen-bearing cone and a ovulate cone, meiosis to produce male microspore and female megaspore, pollination, fertilization, embryo development in the seed. | |
| 118. | Structure and function of plant vascular tissues | Xylem is made of vessel elements and tracheids Phloem is made of sieve-tube elements and companion cells Xylem transports water and minerals from soils through roots to leaves |
| 119. | Symbiotic relationship between microorganism and host that is involved in pathogenic infection. How do you know? | Parasitism. One is benefitting while the other is suffering | |
| 120. | Symbiotic relationships | Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism | |
| 121. | Symbiotic Relationships involve | Parasitism, Commensalism, and Mutualism | |
| 122. | Symptoms vs Signs | Symptoms – internal and can’t be tested for Signs – can be physically observed | |
| 123. | Territorial Behavior provides the following 2 benefits to a group | Reducing conflict and allocating resources | |
| 124. | The theory of evolution is based on the unreliable fossil record. This theory is scientifically weak because | Fossil formation is rare in nature The corpses for fossil formation must be covered by sediments and preserved from decomposition Large organisms with hard body structures become fossils easily Fossil discoveries are often accidental | |
| 125. | Theory of natural selection | The organisms in a population have genetic diversity to allow them to survive and reproduce against the selective agents | |
| 126. | Three domains that all organisms on Earth are categorized in to | Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya | |
| 127. | Three stages of infectious disease | Incubation, illness, convalescence | |
| 128. | Three types of infectious diseases | Acute, chronic, latent | |
| 129. | Transpiration via stomata carries out the following functions | pulling water and nutrients up from the roots Controlling water loss Maintaining exchange of water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide | |
| 130. | Trichomonas vaginalis | Sexually transmitted disease | |
| 131. | Trichomonas vaginalis is a | Parasitic flagellated protozoan, a pathogen for sexually transmitted disease | |
| 132. | Trypanosomes | African sleeping sickness |
| 133. | Two ways of gene flow | From one generation to another through reproduction; from one place to another through migration | |
| 134. | Typical population growth curve | The Lag Phase The Exponential Growth Phase The Deceleration Phase The Stable Equilibrium Phase The Death Phase | |
| 135. | What animal has the highest proportion of instinctive behaviors but least learned behaviors? | Sponges | |
| 136. | What are Koch’s postulates? | They establish the causative relationship of infectious diseases with bacterial pathogens | |
| 137. | What are plants? | Eukaryotic, Autotrophic, Photosynthetic, Multicellular with generation alteration | |
| 138. | What are prokaryotic microorganisms? | Some are unicellular without nuclei | |
| 139. | What are the biotic factors of plants? | Predators and Pathogens | |
| 140. | What are the common features of a food web? | Interrelationships among populations at different trophic levels in the food chain; relative stability of the naturally sustained network | |
| 141. | What are the specialized plant parts? | Roots, stems, leaves | |
| 142. | What are two major types of behaviors related to ecology? | Instinctive and Learned | |
| 143. | What bacteria is likely to serve as a mutualist in human intestine? | E. Coli | |
| 144. | What behavior do you not want in the classroom? | Instinctive behavior and habituation | |
| 145. | What causes hemorrhages in ebola patients? | The virus breaks down the endothelial cells | |
| 146. | What causes poisoning to humans and animals? | Pfiesteria piscidia | |
| 147. | What do phylogenists do? | Explore the evolutionary history of organisms | |
| 148. | What do taxonomists do? | Name organisms and group them into logical categories | |
| 149. | What is a common problem in evaluating behavior scientifically? | Anthropomorphism |
| 150. | What is a paramount reason for the seed-producing vascular plants to be the most successful on Earth? | Pollination and fertilization of microspores and megaspores do not need water | |
| 151. | What is correct about the scientific concept of evolution? | The change in frequency of genetically determined characteristics within a population occurs randomly over time | |
| 152. | What is in common for mutualism and commensalism? | Both mutualists and commensalists are normal microbiota | |
| 153. | What is succession? | Change from a monoculture land to a weed-grassland | |
| 154. | What is the activity in the hydrologic cycle that specifically involves plants? | Transpiration | |
| 155. | What is the common pathogen of a burn wound infection? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |
| 156. | What is the nature of communities? | Has a boundary, complex and stable, dynamic, has many interrelated populations and trophic levels of producers and consumers | |
| 157. | What is the pathogen for anthrax? | Bacillus anthracis | |
| 158. | What is the purpose of animal communication? | Advertising location, social structure, alarm signals, reproduction | |
| 159. | What is the reliable approach to destroy anthrax endospore? | Autoclaving | |
| 160. | What is the standard to destroy anthrax endospore? | Sterilization | |
| 161. | What is the theory of biogenesis? | Life originates from pre-existing life | |
| 162. | What is the theory of spontaneous generation? | Microorganisms can arise from non-living matter | |
| 163. | What limits the growth of a pure bacterial population? | Availability of raw materials, availability of energy, and accumulation of waste products | |
| 164. | What plant species does not have these traits: seedlessness, vascular tissue, sporophytes, flagellated sperm swimming to the egg? | Mosses | |
| 165. | What produces agar, an important compound for microbiological media? | Red algae |
| 166. | What would make it impossible to define sex ratio in a population? | Hermaphrodite or the changing of sex during one’s life | |
| 167. | Which type of learning is dependent on genetic program and is irreversible? | Imprinting | |
| 168. | Why are cyanobacteria called the primary producers? | Photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen fixation | |
| 169. | Why are cyanobacteria mutualistic with plants? | Nitrogen fixation for plants and habitat for the bacteria | |
| 170. | Why do countries that have larger human populations depend on grains for food? | Eating at the second trophic level allows for a more efficient transfer of energy` | |
| 171. | Why does a Koala have a narrow niche but opossums have a broad one? | Koalas are herbivores that feed on a certain type of autotroph producers | |
| 172. | Why does genetic diversity influence natural selection? | There are probably a few organisms with the fittest traits resulting from genetic diversity | |
| 173. | Why do we need a flu-shot every year? | Influenza virus changes its surface antigens via antigenic drift and shift so that our immune systems can not recognize it | |
| 174. | Why is a large population with great genetic diversity more likely to survive under selective agents? | Genetic combinations allow some individuals in a population to adapt to the changing environments | |
| 175. | Why is anthrax so terrifying? | Bacillus anthracis forms air-borne endospore and produces lethal toxins when multiplying | |
| 176. | Why is nitrogen important for life? | Proteins and nucleic acids | |
| 177. | Why is the biomass of the herbivore trophic level larger than that of the carnivore trophic level? | The laws of thermodynamics | |
| 178. | Why is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium a null hypothesis for evolution in a population? | Random mating rarely occurs. Spontaneous mutations occur. Immigration and emigration introduce new alleles. Populations are not infinitely large. Natural selection does occur. | |
| 179. | Why is the monoculture of crops unstable? | There are factors that you have to be able to control. It is artificial. |