Computer Hardware and Software Fundamentals

Posted on Dec 2, 2024 in Computers

Hardware and Networking

Hardware and Software

Hardware comprises the physical components of a computer. Software consists of the programs that control computer operations. Both are essential for proper computer function.

Binary to Decimal Conversion

To convert a binary number (zeros and ones) to decimal, use polynomial expansion. For example, to convert 10101 to decimal:

10101(2) = 1*24 + 0*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 21(10)

Exercises

The smallest unit of information is a bit.

1 byte (b)8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB)1,024 bytes
1 Megabyte (MB)1,024 kilobytes
1 Gigabyte (GB)1,024 megabytes
1 Terabyte (TB)1,024 gigabytes

1 Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 terabytes

Software Categories

Software is divided into three main categories:

  • System Software: Operating systems.

  • Programming Software: Tools used by programmers to create new software.

  • Application Software: Programs used by end-users for specific tasks.

Software can be specialized (vertical) or general-purpose (horizontal).

Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Peripherals

The CPU is the metal box that houses electronic components and connects to peripherals like the monitor, keyboard, and printer. Peripherals are classified into:

  • Input Devices: Allow data entry (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

  • Output Devices: Display processed data (e.g., monitor, printer).

  • Input/Output Devices: Handle both input and output (e.g., storage devices).

Motherboard, Buses, and Control Unit

The motherboard connects all computer components. Buses are the information pathways. The control unit directs and coordinates computer operations. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations. These units are integrated into the microprocessor.

Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory): Stores running programs and data. It is volatile, meaning data is lost when the computer is turned off.

Cache: Provides quick access to frequently used instructions and data.

Virtual Memory: Uses hard disk space to simulate RAM.

ROM (Read-Only Memory): Contains manufacturer-stored instructions and is non-volatile.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Performs initial hardware checks.

CMOS RAM: Stores system configuration data and is powered by a battery.

Power Supply and Expansion Slots

The power supply converts AC current to DC current. Expansion slots on the motherboard accommodate controller cards (e.g., PCI, AGP).

Ports and Connectors

Common communication ports include serial, PS/2, parallel, USB, and Firewire.

Keyboard and Mouse

Keyboards are categorized by standard, ergonomic, multimedia, and wireless types. Keys are grouped into function, editing, alphanumeric, numeric, and special keys.

Mouse types include mechanical, optical, and laser.

Scanner and Other Input Devices

Scanners digitize images and documents. OCR software converts scanned images to text. Scanner quality is measured in dpi (dots per inch) and density range. Other input devices include graphics tablets, joysticks, barcode readers, and digital cameras.

Monitors

Monitor types include CRT, LCD, TFT, and plasma. Resolution is measured in pixels (rows x columns).

Printers

Printer technologies include inkjet, laser, and thermal. Quality is measured in dpi, and speed in ppm (pages per minute).

Storage Devices

Hard drives store data magnetically on tracks and sectors. Formatting prepares a disk for use. Hard drives connect via SATA. CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs are optical media. USB flash drives offer portable storage.

Networks

Networks connect computers to share resources. Each connected computer is a node. Local area networks (LANs) span short distances.

Networks consist of application software, network software, and hardware.

MAC addresses uniquely identify network cards. TCP/IP is the internet protocol. IP addresses identify devices on a network.

Wi-Fi Security

To secure a wireless network:

  • Hide the SSID.
  • Change the router password.
  • Use WPA/WPA2 security with a strong password.

Software Maintenance

Software maintenance includes:

  • Installing only necessary software.
  • Uninstalling software correctly.
  • Managing disk space and RAM.
  • Using appropriate drivers.
  • Backing up data.
  • Using antivirus and antispyware software.
  • Using a firewall.
  • Optimizing hard drive usage.
  • Cleaning temporary files.
  • Defragmenting the hard disk.

Exercises

Exercise 29: Component Connections

Graphics CardAGP Slot
ScannerUSB Port
KeyboardPS/2
Sound CardPCI Slot
Hard DriveS-ATA Connector
MonitorVGA Port
PrinterParallel Port

Exercise 32: Identifying Ports and Devices

  1. PS/2: Keyboard and mouse.
  2. Serial: Low-speed devices (modem).
  3. Parallel: Printer.
  4. USB: Camera, external hard drive.
  5. Audio: Headphones, speakers.

Exercise 31: Identifying Components

  • Chipset that manages the activity of computer components: Microprocessor.
  • Chip for directing and coordinating members of the team, in addition to performing arithmetic operations: Microprocessor.
  • Box in which is housed the power supply and other computer components: CPU.
  • A device that can record CDs: CD Burner.
  • Component that is bolted to the chassis and connecting the key components of a computer: Motherboard.
  • Element that provides the necessary electrical power to computer components: Power supply.
  • Item temporarily storing data handled by the computer: RAM.
  • Device permanently storing software and data using a computer: Hard disk.
  • Chipset and connections that are connected to the monitor and motherboard and manages the production of images in the machine: Graphics card.