Computer Hardware and Software: A Comprehensive Guide
Computer Hardware and Software: A Comprehensive Guide
Internal Components
- Motherboard: The circuit board where the internal devices are connected.
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing all processes.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Stores a series of basic routines that allow the processor to communicate with peripherals.
- Storage Unit: Allows for storing large amounts of data permanently.
Input and Output Units
- Input Units: Keyboard, printer, scanner, fax, mouse, etc.
- Output Units: Monitor, network card, sound card, and graphics card.
Binary Code and Measurement Units
- Binary Code: The basic code used in computers.
- Measurement Units: Bit, Byte, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes.
Metaformats
These are the formats used in video or animation applications. They are multimedia graphics. (AVI, MPEG, MOV …) can have a video made by many successive images are reproduced in synchronization with the sound.
Bitmap Images
A bitmap image consists of small dots or pixels with a color and luminance values themselves. The set of these pixels make up the total picture for a PC to make a graph of Bitmap, should receive a set of instructions for each of these points that constitute, or form the image.
Vector Images
It is represented by geometrical shapes and controlled by calculations and mathematical formulas that take some points from the reference image to build the rest.
Pixels
Abbreviation of the English words Picture Element (Element of image) and is the smallest unit that we will find images composed map Bits. The Pixel is the smallest unit that divides the grid of the monitor screen and each has a different way color.Es cuadrada.Tiene a position relative to other pixels of a color map that is Bits.Profundidad the ability to store color and is expressed in bits.
Resolution
Is the density of dots or pixels, which has an image. Put another way, the resolution indicates the number of pixels that are in a certain measure of length (an inch or 1cm = 254cm), so if we know the full dimensions of the image, we find the amount of image pixels , ie the number of units comprising, or build the image. The image resolution is usually measured in pixels per inch (PPI or DPI) and rarely pixels per inch. Exercise pixels x 72 inches total area of the IMG 3 in. square, how many pixels have the image?(72 x 3) ² = 216 ² = 216 x 216 = 46,656. The decision is expressed in ppp.Concepto density and tables: Called pixel depth or bit depth of an IMG is the number of different colors that may contain each of the points or pixels that form a graphic file. In other words, the depth of color depends on the amount of information that can store a pixel. The higher the bit depth in an IMG, more available colors and more accurate representation of color in digital images. DEPTH OF COLOR: 1,4,5,16,24,32. SHADES (COLOR POSSIBLE) 2 Ringtones (2.1) 16 Tonos (2.4) 256 Tones (2.8) 65,536 Tones (2.16) 16,777,216 Tone (2.24) 4,294,967,296 Tones (2.32) Color modes: Do not confuse the color depth color modes . The color depth is the maximum amount of data it can store a pixel color mode expresses the maximum amount of color data can be stored in a particular file format.
Indexed Color Mode
Has a maximum color depth of 8 bits per pixel, the maximum number of colors is 256, this color mode in Photoshop are two problems when working. Many of the tools are not operational with a paddle Color 256La only most real-world images is composed of more than 256 colors.
Grayscale Mode
Offers a monochrome image of 256 shades between white and black, these images are built in 8bits x pixel. Photoshop work on all the tools in grayscale mode unless the functions of color application (brush, paint, etc.)
RGB Color Mode = RGB
Trichromatic offers a composite image of the primary colors of white light: Red, Green and Azul.Es standard color image that are used in both video monitors as displays ordenador.El RGB color model is additive (the addition or the sum of the primary colors produces white) These images are composed of three channels, one for each color.
CMYK Color Mode
provides an image composed of four cuatricromática primary colors to print for each channel need 8bits color model CMYK is subtractive: the sum of all colors produces black (not digital) LAB Color consists of three channels:
* A lightness channel (L and two color channels, a capital of between green and red) and capital B (ranging from blue and yellow). Each of the three channels (LAB) contains up to 256 different shades. The LAB color is device-independent, ie, creates consistent color regardless of devices such as monitors, printers or computers used to create or reproduce the IMG. * Duo tone mode: grayscale images to which they can add Spot colors (three for each IMG + black) with different color to shades of gray. With this method we can obtain the photo in B & W toned to the color you want. Mode compounds by multichannel multiple channels of 256 gray levels, thereby selecting means that Photoshop, the image we have in the active window is decomposed into many alpha channels and color channels had originally (IMG Thus a is broken into 3 RGB and CMYK channels is decomposed into 4 channels)HSB mode tone is based on brightness and saturation (are the characteristics of a color) TONE, saturation and brightness. TONE: The tone represents the amount of light in a color. This is black or white as appropriate. The higher the pitch, the greater the amount of light in a color that is white has more. The black and white could be considered opposites, but never colors and therefore do not appear on a color wheel, white is the presence of all colors and black is the absence total.Sin But black and white when combined form the gray which is also marked in scales. This forms a circle of its own called “color circle on a gray scale” or “circle of gray SATURATION: The level of purity of a color. If you say a very saturated color that is vivid color and one little saturated, off. BRIGHTNESS: It is the ability of a color to reflect the white light that hits it. Increase resolution by interpolation, where a decrease of image quality. By Neighborhood (approximation) interpolation method is faster and less accurate. We will realize especially when scaling the image or perform multiple operations in the selection Bilinear interpolation is a method of medium quality, less rapid and more accurate than the previous one. Bicubic interpolation method is more accurate. Generates the smoothest tonal gradations. It is the least rapid of all. PSD: is the format used by photoshop. Accommodates all the elements added: layers, channels, selections, etc … the downside is that the files take up much space. GIF (Grafic Interchange Format): This is the file format for indexed color display files and images. GIF is a compressed format, designed to minimize file transfer time by telefonicas.Photoshop lines can save bitmap images, grayscale or indexed color format. GIF JPEG: used to display photographs and other images of tone continuous, unlike. GIF JPEG format retains all color information in an image RGB.La JPEG compression is called lossy compression because they lose the option datos.Con maximum quality to be less compressed and occupy more than another compressed with quality low PDF: This format represents both vector graphics and bitmaps.. TIFF: Used to exchange files between applications and platforms ordenadores.Soporta lossless compression and it does not remove image detail Compression: It’s the way that data files are preserved when the file is guardado.Hay two types of compression: with and without loss lost Lossless compression: RLE: simplest compression scheme based on replacing a sequence of bits determined by a method codigo.Este imagines The image consists of a series of points that are of the same color to save the picture, simply save the color value and position of each of the points that utilizan.En an image containing many areas with the same color, this method can achieve high levels of compression without causing loss of calidad.El problem occurs when the image colors are very different, in this case the compression can result in even larger files than the originals. LZW: used file types. TIF. pdf or. GIF images containing useful areas of large color or simple images.. ZIP: was designed to be used with any type of file, not just with graphics files, but which has the advantage of being read and written by most of the platforms of both personal computers with sobremesa.Utilizado. PDFLossy compression:. JPEG: An image compression system is perfected and gets a lot mayor.Este compression level compression system allows color images to grayscale and modifying the image by eliminating redundant data not important, and also softening the edges and areas that have a color similar.Es lost because a compressor that makes the image quality degrades slightly in return for providing a high rate of compresión.Se used formats. JPG and. PDF.Cada time we open the file loses quality and information.