Computer Components: Buses, Ports, Microprocessors, and More
Buses and ports in a port just ‘there can get a device, any external device that we have our computer can be connected to the ports are bus connections with internal components that communicate by passing information from one side to another. There are 3 types of bus stop:
Bus data-They travel data, we want to read or write address bus-traveling there to bring the bits where we where we need to read or write. Bus Control – passive synchronization signals and orders to be worked each bus is talk of expansion buses when the buses is that we add to our computer, for example, the graphics card. Only parleten a device, just as we have said that make deliveries. Are a special case and a device bus that allows only buses and delivery characteristics of a feature that should be taken into account, the buses are in series or in parallel. This has to do with data transmission. In the series go a bit behind the other, one bit each clock cycle. In parallel to all the bits pass wandered.
The bus width is the amount bit (how many bits are transmitted each wandered).
the data bus there are 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128. The address bus have 20, 24 and 36. Thank you so we know the maximum amount of memory in which we can address.
Bus Frequency is the number of cycles per second at which it is transmitted. It’s the same in the RAM and the buses, but instead a different processor.
Bandwidth
Find the width of the bus and know the frequency bandwidth (ie the amount of information that can occur per second). It is measured in MB / Frequency Buses allow internal or external connection hot [Hot Swap] (if we can connect while the computer is turned on and detects) the number that we can connect each bus or port.
Buses internal expansion dedicated storage
Used to connect disk drives, IDE CD or DVD) There are two connectors on the motherboard 40 pin connector and each one can connect a maximum of 2 devices as you can connect the two, we must say what what is the master and the slave. To configure what is and what is the other, we can make the cable that says what and what the slave master, which is further away, is the master and what is in the middle, is l ‘slave. You can also change the jumper on the hard disk physical. There are buses 40 and 80. But only used the 40, else serve to empty corridor and avoid the burdens and not malicious so many errors occur. This allows to reduce electromagnetic noise.
Things that we take into account if we have only two devices Serial ATA, place one on each channel. If two ATA devices with different standards share the same cable run as the newest to oldest. Therefore, it is better than a new hard not to share the cable with an old one. UDMA/66 A device can not operate at full throttle with a cable 40. If we use two devices for burning CD or DVD disc record is better than not sharing cable. It is appropriate devices together with devices you use internal sporadic.
SATA (Serial ATA)
connectors on the motherboard are 7-pin (instead of 40) and each connector can be connect only one device if you use the multiplier SATAII ports. Because the speed of 40 pins was high and produced many errors, was changed and was no longer parallel. In this case, you can only put a device on each connector. There is no need to configure or masters or slaves. You can connect hot.
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface):
It was made for devices that need more quality. On the motherboard there hiha of an integrated controller SCAS. It can connect up to 15 devices.
SCSI interface is device independent, and in theory you can use any kind of device to connect it to a port SCI.
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
technologies were to the transmission bit series. Compatible with SATA and it allows you to connect devices. Although not always been integrated into the motherboard, but each is an integral wandered over. Otherwise, it is a card that are PCI–
Express and can be grouped. Women the same speed that the SATA.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect):
Son of a marking system that will find the PCI. Was introduced by Intel in 1993 and was the successor to ISA bus that goes from 8MHz to 33MHz, and then 66Mz.It reduced the size of the ISA. Worked 64 am (for that was compatible with Pentium) routes and handles 32. It allows the connection and allows hot-input devices and output high speed.
PCI-Express (Peripheral Interconnect Componnet PCI-E/PCIe Express)
was introduced in 2004 and problable Buco successor of PCI and AGP because, besides being more compact, allows higher speeds and frequencies. Each channel has a width s’acosegeix band of 256 MB / ps. The PCI-E has meant changes in the feeding of the motherboard.
AGP (Accelerated or Advanced Graphics Port):
Only one device can communicate and not several. There is only one slot is integrated into the motherboard. Its use is limited to video cards, and therefore improves the performance of a bus PCD in 3D graphics.
IRQ
> when a device is any need any information , tells the processor what vere disruption before there are others, and makes them put in order MA–
> are lines of direct memory access, are lines that can go the hard disk or RAM can go without going through the processor.
Transportation
A computer comprises a central unit. Connecting to the central unit, there are various peripheral input, output and input / output. A port can only connect a device. A serial port using normally by keyboard or mouse. The port or PS / 2 mini DIN-6 replaces the old DIN-5 keyboard connections, and DB9 serial mouse. The serial port RS-232C
RS-232C serial port with DB9 connector is an interface for connecting devices old lenses such as modems and mice. The connector of the computer is always male. Obsolete with the advent of USB bus although often used force in the industry.
Parallel port
The parallel port sends 8 bits at the time (1T byte) is the standard used mainly for printers and scanners. There are two types of connectors: the DB25 and Centronics, which has a locking system. Supports different operating modes and, depending on whether the communication is outward or return, so switching speeds (Full duplex, half duplex USB bus …). The USB bus appeared in 1993 and became popular for its features to connect all types of devices Secur. Fine to 127 devices can withstand. Connecting more devices is done with the port hubs.On the firewire or firewire or i-Link IEEE1394 is esstàndard since 1995 and is a serial bus performance than USB 2.0. Has no di FUCI USB but it is quite popular.Ports of audioEls ports normally used by Autier ordiandor in his mini-jack type. This usually distinguish the color of their function: The most basic are are blue (entry), the bvert (output) and pink (micro), but with motherboards or cards sfisticades professionals can be more sortides.També s ‘tipu use coaxial RCA connectors. Typically esls RCA connectors that carry the signals are red and blanc.Port VGA port VGA or citizen-15 allows connection of an external monitor. They work with light colors.
Microprocessors Definition
A microprocessor is one component of a computer that incorporates all or most of the functions of the CPU on a single IC (Integrated Circuit) (CI) Makes mathematical and logical operations and coordinates the components of the computer, consists of thousands of transistors and usually has a square or rectangular and has a series of legs or connectors to insert it into the corresponding socket on the motherboard.
Main features of instructions that can run games
Instructions such as adding two operands, compare …. The efficiency of the microcode (number of steps needed to execute a statement) was a key element to speed.
The word size (number of bits) Number of bits the microprocessor can be treated in a statement. The first microprocessors could not add more than 4-bit numbers. Therefore had to travel further to calculate the entire statement. Currently the most commonly used are 32 or 64 bits.
The clock speed of the clock’s role is to determine the cadence (rhythm) working processor. The more speed Clock has more instructions per second can fill the microprocessor.
Units: Megaherts (million cycles per second) Gigaherts (billion cycles per second)
Via the technological characteristics of instructions (pipeline)
Based on the Pentium and will serve to introduce get a bit has not been finished because of processing the next entry in the route instructions.In a statement that it is decoding can enter the following to read it. The problem is that there are internal dependencies within the structure itself.
The structure of the roads
Establishing 2 (minimum) ways of instruction and allows the option of making calculations with floating point (decimal) are different channels of “Thread” or thread. The roads are different routes that work with coordination.
The route data bus width or speak the number of bit of the words as they arrive bit processor. While working in 32-bit processor, you can let more than one word wandered.
Architecture Architecture CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
is to increase the size of the instructions, and thereby speed clock, to increase the power of processors. Its control unit is usually microprogramada.
Features:
many programs do not require instructions to be executed.
Disadvantages:
It is very hard to improve this architecture.
The instructions are of variable sizes. The operating system increases the speed that this architecture can accommodate many more than the RISC instructions.
Architecture RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
instructions are simpler and therefore faster processing to reduce the clock cycles needed. With this system the responsibility of building efficient programs are software. In this architecture we can not ask for complex operations.
Power
Combining technological features explained above determines the power of a microprocessor. It is measured in MIPS or FLOPS (amount floating point calculations per second) Different units: MHz / GHz (Megaherts / Gigaherts) Frequency of pulses sent by the processor clock. His running cycles per second. MIPS: Millions of instructions per second. (It gives us another messura more reliable power processor). FLOPS: Floating Point Operation per second.
Or running speed external bus speed with which it connects to the processor RAM.FSB (Front Side Bus) As the CPU speed is not equal to the bus speed so much faster than the CPU to process the data can not send or receive them all at once (Coll of brood)
multiplier is the number which, multiplied by the speed outside the inner woman. The less the better multiplier has not already done so must convert.
Cache (Cache)
The microprocessor includes a memory SRAM (Static RAM) which is exactly the last data have been used and is much faster than any other memory. When the CPU looks for a data or instruction to do first after falling into RAM and then the hard drive there: L1 Cache (level 1)
cache
L2 (level 2) the smaller the level the faster, so the L1 cache is faster than the L2 Cache.
Report of the first level (L1 Cache)
high speed memory access. The first level is inside the processor core. As is removed in delays, with little L1 Cache memory can be noticed big changes. The size is fairly limited because it is expensive but you may notice large changes in performance. (KB) Some of the processors divided into Cau Cau L1 Data L1 instruction memory to second level (L2 Cache) that you no longer within the L1, before going directly into RAM it first searches within the L2 because it is faster than RAM. It is a little slower than L1 but still much faster than the RAM as it reaches the MB to 12MB or so.
elà Consumption work with two external voltages or voltage D ‘ I / O allow the processor to communicate with the motherboard (typically 3.3 V)
or internal voltage less than the outer core (2.4 V 1.8 V 1.36 V 0.8 V) allows the processor to work with a lower temperature. Formerly these voltages are configured with jumpers is now done automatically.