Comprehensive Guide to Academic Vocabulary and Grammar
Domestic Market and Economic Demand
domestic: market/economy/demand
Ethnic Background and Minority Origin
ethnic: background/minority/origin
Effective Promotion Strategies
promote: heavily/indirectly/widely
Adequacy and Proof
adequate: prove to be/remain to be/seem to be
Generating Revenue, Profits, and Income
generate: revenue/profits/income
Notion Acceptance and Rejection
notion: accept/challenge/reject
Pursuing Goals, Interests, and Careers
pursue: goal/interest/career
Revenue Streams and Tax Implications
revenue: lost/tax/generate
Vocabulary List
adjustment – consultation – generate – marginal – notion – pursue – revenue – stability – substitution – whereas – adequate – annual – despite – domestic – ethnic – hence – promotion – parameters – prior – subsequent
Parts of Speech
Verb: adjust – consult – marginalize – pursue – stabilize – substitute – domesticate – promote
Noun: adjustment – consultation, consultant, consultancy – margin – pursuit – stabilization, stability – substitution – adequacy – domestics – ethnicity – promotion
Adjective: adjustable – consultative – marginal – pursuant – stable – adequate – annual – domestic, domesticated – ethnic – promoted – subsequent
Adverb: adjustedly – marginally – adequately – annually – domestically – ethnically – subsequently
Collocations
Adjective + Noun
contact: useful – valuable – personal – constant – close – frequent – intermittent
debate: considerable – heated – intense – public – animated
element: crucial – decisive – fundamental
elements: conflicting – contrasting – constituent
energy: excess – sufficient – nuclear
phenomenon: common – isolated – natural – recent – universal
results: conflicting, (in)conclusive, unforeseen, preliminary, encouraging, interim
role: decisive, challenging, conflicting, influential, key, pivotal
sample: random, representative
in…terms: absolute, broad, relative, general, practical, economic
way: alternative, efficient, fair, practical, convenient, proper, acceptable
Noun + Verb
contact: with someone or something, establish, maintain, break off, lose
debate: engage in, contribute to, _ surrounding an issue
elements: combine, differentiate, discern.
energy: consume, conserve, generate, save, waste
phenomena: emerge, occur, observe, investigate, explain
results: collect, collate (organise), publish, questioned or invalidated
roles: defined, strengthened, play, take on
sample: take, provide, analyse
way: discover, devise (think), work out, develop
Adjective + Importance
important: aspect, contribution, difference, implications, point, question, reason, element
significant: increase, reduction, number, proportion
major: role, changes, problem, factor, issue, concern, difference, theme, contribution, point
enormous/considerable: amount, expansion, number, range, diversity, difference, variation, extent, degree, impact, power, influence, significance, interest
particular: interest, attention, significance, importance, concern
Adjective + Frequency
widespread: belief, acceptance, support, opposition, assumption, use.
common: experience, practice, use, concern. // knowledge, ground, feature, interest.
specific: context, information, case, type, form, purpose, characteristics, conditions, example.
Adjective + Noun
inevitable: consequence, outcome, collapse, decline, conflict, effect, developments.
explicit: reference, statement, comparison, account, mention.
relevant: data, documents, information, details, factors.
Verb + With
based on: (n) research, theory, story, hypothesis (a) mainly, partly, loosely
associate with: word, idea, theory, term | generally, commonly, invariably
discuss: idea, problem, issue, question, topic, theme | briefly, thoroughly, at length
establish: relationship, connection | firmly, clearly, conclusively
examine: facts, evidence, effects, aspects | briefly, critically, thoroughly
demonstrate: existence, need, effects, importance | clearly, convincingly
identify with: causes, factors, issues, properties, needs, approach, origin | correctly, clearly, closely
pose: question, challenge | inevitably
suggest: article | strongly
list: hypotheses/causes/features/characteristics | simply
refer: frequently, specifically, in passing
observe: changes, trends, differences
Phrases
to some extent, in line with, with the exception of, on the whole, in the process, to a greater or lesser extent, by far, in most respects.
Grammar: Past Tenses
Past Perfect Simple
Talk about something that happened earlier: His father was a composer & his girlfriend had also been a musician.
Sometimes we use words like ‘just/already’ between the auxiliary and main verb.
Past simple tense –> mentioned in chronological order (when, as soon as, by the time, after)
Indefinite time before a particular point in the past (always, sometimes, never, before, by + fixed time
Reporting verbs: The man told me he had met my father a long time before.
Past Continuous
Provide background/event (past simple). Words: when, while, as.
-ed –> completed / +ing– we don’t know if it’s completed
Used to/Would
Used to + infinitive (stop)/ would + infinitive – past repetitive actions
Would unusual in (-) & yes/no (?) & state verbs
Used to talk about how long a situation lasted
Past Perfect Continuous
How long an activity continued: had been struggling for some time
We cannot use the past perfect continuous to say how many times something happened: I had visited her several times
Past perfect — disappointments/things that did not happen as expected – The politician had expected to be re-elected, but in the end, she only got ten percent of the vote.