Code of Ethics and Project Management

Posted on Oct 26, 2024 in Economy

CODE OF ETHICS

Set of Rules

Set of rules that guide engineers in decision-making. A code of ethics that is based on the basic lines of:

• Truth
• Honesty
• Loyalty
• Equity
• Openness
• Competition
• Responsibility

CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS

Service Attitude

The engineer should always keep an attitude of service to their client, defending their interests as if they were their own. In the use of their business, combining the higher levels of technical capability, autonomy, independence and integrity, maximizing results of the work for which they are engaged.

Client Considerations

In particular with regard to their client:

• You should not give up defending their best criterion.
• Define clearly the content, scope and conditions of their work.
• Render service to full compliance as agreed.
• Inform customers of how many deviations or incidents may affect the contract goal.
• Report sufficiently in advance of any situation altering their compensation.
• Demonstrate any contribution or third-party contribution to development work.

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER

Technical

Private Company, Issues, Other Entities

Results needed:

• Integration in a team
• Ability to work
• Creative development

On Your Own: Free Professional Activity

The engineer develops professionally in the field that the powers and responsibilities under the law granted, as usual in the preparation of projects and technical reports.

The firm capacity of technical projects for each qualification is set out in relation to:

• The projected area of industry
• Installed capacity
• Number of staff etc.

The professional skills or attributes have been recognized by law at all times, and expressed in quantities, representing the maximum technical concepts not to exceed the bill’s author.

REQUIREMENTS NEEDED TO SIGN PROJECT

• That the engineer is practicing in the professional association to enable their qualifications.
• Discharged in free profession: registration.
• Coverage of professional school responsibilities through Liability Insurance.
• Normalized relations with hacienda discharged from the business tax.
• Insurance autonomous moral-ethical requirements.

On the Fiscal Side

• Quarterly personal income tax.
• Bring a book of quarterly income and expenditure and an annual summary.

PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PROCEEDINGS

• Acting in awareness within the ethics.
• Fiscal Responsibility: to be registered as a professional in the business tax, and must turn in billings to their schedules, VAT (15%) quarterly and annual basis. If a corporation, income tax will be withheld (20%). You are also required to keep a log book of income and expenses, or take financial accounting (high income). You also need to be registered in social security, free-lance.
• In the civil field, the responsibility is economic, by direct damage to your client, because of errors. Policy may be covered with damage to people, to apply the penal code.
• Technical and administrative responsibility is the responsibility of regulatory breaches to the administration.

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

• Planning: setting goals, establishing strategies and developing plans to coordinate activities.
• Organize: to determine which tasks must be performed, who performs them, how to group.
• Lead: motivate, lead others to solve conflicts.
• Control: observation of activities to ensure compliance and correct deviations.

Management Functions Within the Company

• Management function: taking care of company funds, arbitrating those necessary for their smooth operation, control costs and revenues and control production costs and profit margins.
• Technical-production role: it has an office where products are designed and developed, and projects and jobs are normalized.
• Business Function or markets (marketing): buy, sales and logistics (warehouse).

DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF THE PROJECT

The project is evolving and is characterized by a remarkable dynamic character deriving from its unusual operation aimed at creating something new. Unlike other ongoing work, which can become more stable and routine, the project is constantly in motion and this requires great dynamism and agility on the part of those who work in it. The protector is a succession of events by their nature unexpectedly unfamiliar operation, incorporates new resources or remove those who have already done its job … in short we are experiencing a permanent instability with frequent changes and times of an almost frantic pace.

THE TECHNICAL OFIN: GOALS AND STRUCTURE

The purpose attributed to him are:

• Rationalization of the work.
• Assist in creating an acceptable climate for staff in terms of human relations.

Objectives

• Getting adequate coordination of operation of the company.
• Actively participate in R & D company, developing and incorporating new technologies.

Structure

• Office projects and studies: technical projects.
• Office methods and time: to determine appropriate procedures and establish time.
• Office tools, machinery and tools: specify disappoint and keep the machinery and tooling.

OFFICE OF STUDIES

• Develop draft.
• Designing new products.
• Manage the project.
• Standardize products.
• Projecting elements Conveyor.
• External Relations.
• Create or modify new enterprise services.

OFFICE OF METHODS AND TIMES

• Design methods.
• Improved methods.
• Clothing chip manufacturing and assembly.
• Diagramming biannual and man-machine.
• Calculate manufacturing costs.
• Check daily production forecasts.
• Monitor workshops, correct use of tools and level of activity.

OFFICE MACHINES, EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

• Intervene in the acquisition of machinery, equipment, tools …
• Check the capacity of the above.
• Set payback of the machine.
• Proposal to replace machines.
• Guidance on maximum utilization of equipment to the office of methods.
• Set, test and maintain the characteristics of all machines.
• Responsibility of maintenance service.

DEFINITION OF STANDARDIZATION

The activity which aims to establish a process by which unify criteria on certain areas and allows the use of a common language in a particular field of activity. Standardization is a compact embodied in a technical document, by which manufacturers, consumers, users and the administration agree on the technical features that must meet a product or service.

AIMS OF STANDARDIZATION

• Simplification: attempting to control, consolidate, simplify products and processes.
• Communicating with the specification: to improve the quality of products, set their properties and determining the tests which must be submitted.
• Economy in production.
• Health, safety and protection of life.
• Protection of consumer interests.
• Elimination of trade barriers.

CENELEC

It is the organization responsible for European standardization in the electric and electronic, not covered by the CEN (European Committee for Standardization). An organism similar to CEN in their composition and objectives, sharing the processing rules of the European standards and technical documents. This consists of the SSOs of European states (AENOR in Spain) and three member countries of the European Free Trade Association.

ACCREDITATION

It is the process by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition that an organization is competent to carry out a specific activity of conformity assessment. These agencies conformity assessment are to evaluate and make an objective statement of the services and products meet specific requirements. Accreditation bodies are responsible for conducting independent and impartial verification of the competence of the evaluators of conformity in order to give confidence to the buyer and the legislature, and facilitate, in turn, international trade. Regardless of whether a product falls or not the regulatory sector, a prerequisite for a level playing field in trade is that any product or service, formally accepted in a country, can circulate freely in other countries without being subjected to further trials, inspections, certifications … accreditation agencies ensures that conformity assessment of various pauses do their part in an equivalent manner, generating adequate confidence that enables the mutual acceptance of results.

CERTIFICATION

It is the action taken by an entity recognized the independence of stakeholders, through which states that it has adequate confidence that a product, process or service properly identified, is consistent with a standard or other normative document specified. It is the act of proving, by a reliable document, issued by an approved body, a certain product or service meets the requirements or demands for a standard or a technical specification. It is therefore a tool to verify the implementation by the industrial, standardization and implemented in business systems to evaluate quality. A certification scheme must be objective, reliable and accepted by all stakeholders and be used impartially.

OBJECTIVES OF CERTIFICATION

• Encouraged to raise product quality.
• Promote the improvement of the quality system of the company.
• Protecting consumer products, ensuring that they are safe, healthy and suitable for use.
• Facilitate consumer purchase.

ISO 9000-2000 STANDARD (NO)

By the certificate of quality system, known as business registration, the certifying claims to have obtained adequate confidence in the conformity of the quality system of the company duly identified, with one model of quality assurance as defined in standards of ISO 900-200, which have been reduced, simplifying selection and use. The core consists of four standards, designed to be used as an integrated package that allows for the maximum benefit from them:

• Management systems ISO 9000 quality. Fundamentals and vocabulary provides information on the principles for systems of quality management described in the 9000 family of standards and specifies the concepts of quality management and their definitions.
• Management systems ISO 9001 quality. Requirements: establishes the requirements for a system of quality management. It can be used to demonstrate the organization’s ability to meet customer requirements and to evaluate such capacity internal and external parties. It can be used for certification.
• ISO 9004 guidelines for performance improvement, makes recommendations on all aspects of a system of quality management to improve the performance of an organization’s overall clarity.
• ISO 9011 guidelines for auditing quality systems and environmental management systems and environmental: a guide for environmental systems auditing and quality, and can be used by certification bodies.

The award of this certification involves the assessment and control measures of the quality assurance of the company itself, but not a certification of their products, processes or services.

TECHNICAL REPORT

It’s written statement of the circumstances observed in the recognition rates, buildings, documents, etc. Or examination in question under consideration, with explanations of technical, economic …

The report can be defined as a statement of facts or data addressed to someone on a matter or issue, or what you should do it. It other words a document describing the process or results of a scientific or technical study, or state of a scientific problem. A report of this type should provide sufficient information for a qualified reader to judge, evaluate or propose changes to its conclusions or recommendations. Reasons for its realization:

• Before launching any product.
• Modification or expansion of facilities.
• Prototyping.
• Basic study of health and safety.

TECHNICAL REPORT FEATURES

• Of course, that highlight and left no doubt expressed the opinion that exposes.
• Right: so that it can be demonstrated in a simple way.
• Concise: is the first consideration to take into account in the drafting of any report.

PARTS OF A TECHNICAL REPORT

Body

• Cover.
• Front.
• Summary.
• Index.
• Glossary of signs, symbols, units …
• Preface (if necessary).

Report Body

• Introduction.
• Core report.
• Conclusions and recommendations.
• Acknowledgements.
• Checklists.

Annexes

• Illustrations or supplementary tables.
• Special Material.
• Bibliography.
• Description of equipment, techniques, software …

Final Part

• Factsheets.
• Distribution List and Availability.
• Back Cover.

CURRENT PROJECT TREND

He tends to use a mixed model, straddling what is the classical theory and the general theory, in which the designer assumes greater responsibility over the project life. As Cleland and King, the combination of human and nonhuman resources, gathered in a temporary organization to achieve a particular purpose. This definition has three key features:

• Pooling of resources: as it is put at the service of the project all the necessary resources from the company or project to accomplish the same.
• Temporal organization: the temporality of this organization is structured around the project alive. Once finished, the structure created may or may not be used again on another project.
• Purpose (goals and timetables): The fundamental purpose of any project is to achieve the objectives within a reasonable time and costs. Proving as essential cost control, programming techniques and control and monitoring them.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

• Quality: comply with the specifications set.
• Cost in external projects, the cost is to be clearly defined, there was a contract and the provider must respect it, or have trouble getting an amendment to increase the budget. It is internal projects where it is often the target cost is not included explicitly. Obviously the goal of cost is essential throughout the project and should always be estimated explicitly.
• Term: is the goal more easily deteriorates and becomes therefore to be followed more closely and the one that best measures the degree of quality project management. The term is usually considered secondary, no clutch is a very important element that often determines the success of the project.

The three goals are inseparable if they form a system in which each modification of one party affects the other. You can only talk about the project when you reach the triple objective.

INDUSTRIAL PROJECT FEATURES

• Complexity: the industrial field is so wide and varied, covering such number of science and technology, it is impossible to study without dividing. Not only is complex by its content but also by the highly variable volume of work that can make its implementation, the size of the investment, the time required for implementation and the responsibilities of any kind that may incur.
• Comprehensiveness: the majority of projects are comprehensive, complete, that is, they need to cover all stages conduct established between the initial conception of a brilliant idea to its transformation into a reality, dating from its own dynamic, which is born, it works , develops and ends up dying after a period of service.
• Multidisciplinary: it is very difficult to undertake these projects without extensive expertise in diverse fields.
• Relocation: new communication technologies facilitate the development of the project without a well-defined site.

CLIENT FUNCTIONS

• Securing the project objectives: the client must contribute to define and specify as precisely as possible the objectives that the project must achieve and become the benchmark for managing it.
• The customer’s decision to start the project.
• The customer must make a close monitoring of its evolution.
• Certain circumstances may affect the basic objectives of the project and call for a modification of the same.
• Upon completion, the customer will be the competent body to receive the work and approve its implementation.
• The fulfillment of financial obligations.

SOME DEFECTS DUE TO CUSTOMER

• The customer is not sufficiently identified, often found in domestic-type projects.
• There are several clients simultaneously with different objectives and concerns.
• The customer has no clear ideas and hesitates or turns back on previous decisions.
• The client changes during the project.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE OFFER

• Include a technically correct, viable and coherent offer.
• Specific and adequate technical specifications.
• Add drawings and documents necessary to clearly identify the characteristics of the work.
• Cover all important data that the customer needs to make a decision.
• Clearly identify the commitments acquired another.
• Establish appropriate management mechanisms to achieve the objectives.

PROJECT BASICS

• Technical dimension is necessary to know and develop properly and that depends on the nature of the operation. It is essential to have on the project with the right skills to solve the problem at hand.
• The human dimension: the project is a complex web of relationships, where they attach very different interests, often conflicting or different views.
• The need to manage the project properly to achieve its objectives.

PREVIOUS STUDIES

It’s the preliminary phase in which they must analyze a number of issues to determine whether the project is rushed or not, ie, we analyze its viability:

• Technical studies: testing the technical feasibility of the project.
• Economic studies: Check the economic viability of the project.
• Financial Studies: analysis of different ways to obtain the capital necessary to implement the project.

DRAFT

Is defined in draft set of documents required to define, in general, the work or work permits to get an idea together and infer that projected a budget of approximately (+ -20%). The classical concept project corresponds to a poorly studied and in which only has deepened. It is usually done to justify to certain administrative, financial institutions or people who have to decide on the feasibility of the project. The documentation generated so far in the preliminary phase, can serve as a blueprint. Have:

• Specification.
• Large-scale plan.
• Approximate Ratings.

PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL PROJECT

The technical project must be:

• Justified.
• Calculated.
• Planned.
• Budgeted.
• Meet the technical conditions.

STARTING DATA

Any quantity, size, characteristic, relationship, parameter, criteria, assumptions or requirements used in the project technical documents, external to him and whose knowledge and application is necessary and mandatory for the project.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROJECT

Document that is part of or is based on the contents of the project, which aims to justify the legal ways to obtain the approval or registration by the administration.

EXECUTIVE PROJECT OR CONSTRUCTIVE

Set of documents, models or models, in physical, logical or otherwise, that aims the identification and assessment of the characteristics of a product, work or installation is required according to their purpose or destination.

ACTIVITIES THAT INTEGRATE THE DRAFT

• Description of activities.
• Identification of resources.
• Evaluate them.
• Budget.
• Planning.
• Possible reconsideration of the same.

PROJECT DOCUMENTS FROM THE CLASSICAL THEORY

• Memory: that is going to do and usually includes the calculations.
• Drawings.
• Specification: duties and responsibilities.
• Budget.

LAW DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED BINDING

• Drawings.
• Specification.

ELECTRICAL PROJECT DOCUMENTS

• Technical report.
• Supporting calculations.
• Specification.
• Drawings.
• Budgets and measurements.
• Studies in its own right: ES Health and I. environmental.
• Manual installation and operation.
• Manual maintenance of the facility.
• Manual installation scrapping.

PURPOSE OF THE UNE 157001:2002

Establish general considerations to determine the precise characteristics that must meet the following projects:

• Products.
• Works and buildings.
• Facilities.
• Services or Software.

BASIC PROJECT DOCUMENTS UNE 157001:2002

• Board index.
• Memory.
• Annexes.
• Drawings.
• Specification.
• State Measurements.
• Budgets.
• Studies in its own right (if any).

PRIORITIES OF THE BASIC DOCUMENTS OF THE PROJECT

• Drawings.
• Specification.
• Budgets.
• Memory.

SUBMIT FORM OF CALCULATIONS

• Purpose of the calculation.
• The method and basis of mime.
• Expressions used with the meaning of each variable.
• Results.
• Calculations (tabular).

CONTENTS OF THE MEMORY OF AN ELECTRIC PROJECT

• Background.
• Project Purpose.
• Rules and regulations applicable.
• Description of facilities.
• Security facilities.
• Deadline for completion of facilities.
• Final documents that comprise the project.

Sunder CONDITION

When the installation to project management relates to assets of government, or its regulations, or other service, the corresponding service is requested by a reprint. The separate duty so collected to reflect the background, the purpose of installation, the description of it and the budget of the condition on the settlement of the fees for you. Reprints may be necessary, should be attached to the project and processed jointly by the administration.

ELECTRICAL PROJECT PLANS

• Location map.
• Location Plan.
• Unified scheme.
• Profile and plan drawings (if applicable).
• Detailed drawings of the installation.
• Detailed drawings of the elements.

PURPOSE OF THE SPECIFICATION

• Its mission is to establish the technical, economic, administrative and legal means for the purpose of the project to materialize in specific conditions, avoiding possible different interpretations of the desired.
• Sets the types of relationships between project participants.
• Sets how to execute the works and the quality of materials and equipment used.
• Usually the basis for the contract.

STRUCTURE OF THE SPECIFICATION

• Conditions: Overview of project content.
• Terms of the materials and equipment: check the quality of materials and equipment.
• Terms and physical implementation: how will the materials used to implement the project.
• Economic conditions: economic aspects of owner-contractor relationship future.

TO INCLUDE ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

• Quality of materials.
• Performance standards for facilities.
• Regulatory testing.
• Terms of Use, maintenance and safety.
• Certificates and documentation.
• Order book.

STRUCTURE OF THE BUDGET

• Measurements.
• Prices of units of work.
• PEM material operational budgets.
• Budget execution contract PEC.

CONTENTS OF THE BUDGET

• Table of unit prices of materials, labor and ancillary items that make up the items or work units.
• Table of unit prices of units of work, according to the state of measurements and the corresponding decomposition of materials, labor and ancillary items.
• Budget itself, with the overall economic assessment, separated and sorted according to the state measurements.

“PEM”

Cost of the workforce and auxiliary elements involved in performing a particular work.

“PEC”

Price of work in which are included overhead and profit it that makes industrial.

“MEASUREMENTS”

Their mission is to define and determine the work units that make up the whole product, labor, installation, service or software covered by the project. The measurement should be done:

• Order to facilitate the location of the various work units.
• Clarity in order to easily understand the measurements and be able to check them.
• Accuracy to precisely calculate the project budget.

“OWN COMPANY DOCUMENTS”

Their mission is to include documents required by legal requirements.

• Prevention of occupational risks.
• Environmental Impact.

“CONTENT EBSS”

The health and safety standards applicable in the work.

• Identifying risks and indicate the technical measures necessary to avoid.
• Precautions: risk ratio can not be eliminated but reduced.

GROUNDS, basic studies, SAFETY AND HEALTH

• PEC below 75 million pesetas.
• Period not exceeding 30 days or not more than 20 workers employed simultaneously.
• Volume of labor is less than 500 worker-days.
• It is a work in tunnels, galleries, underground pipes or dams.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY

The document that describes the characteristics of a project or activity that is intended to carry out or modified. Should provide grounds for background:

• Prediction.
• Identification.
• Interpretation.

Its environmental impact.

MANUAL

Once the facility is operating under a state reached after the maneuvers, the manual should describe the conditions of use of the facility to the state. Should clearly describe the control points of the facility and its state variables. For abnormal operating conditions, specify the actions to be performed to return the facility to a state of equilibrium or rest. Should be involved in the installation instructions should be followed in the operating manual.

OPERATING MANUAL

There will be a description of all parts that has the installation and functionality. Also clearly describe the different parts of the facility that are operable, and the various mechanisms, systems or actions that allow it. They develop a clear relationship of the maneuvers performed and its usefulness, associated as how to execute them, and the means to carry them out. Special care should be to establish working conditions when the maneuvers are performed with voltage on the premises.

5 GOLDEN RULES

• Disconnect. Open with visible cut all sources of tension.
• Prevent any feedback: latch-lock.
• Verify the absence of tension.
• Grounding and short of all the possible sources of tension.
• Protect from elements close supply and provide safety signs to mark the work area.

REPLACEMENT OF TENSION

• The withdrawal of the additional protections and signaling that delimits the working area.
• Removing the ground and short.
• Unlock and remove the signs of cutting devices.
• Close circuit to replace the tension.

SIGNATURES

• Memory.
• Each of the plans.
• Specification.
• Pricing Chart.
• Budget.

LEGAL PROJECT PIPELINE

Set of administrative processes needed to obtain all permits and licenses that permit the realization and implementation of the project.

• Visa on the professional.
• Obtain municipal license.
• Obtaining a license to open.
• Permits and authorizations of the companies supplying.

ORDER FORM

The school usually provides professional and is a document which the client retains the services of a physician in this data indicating the exact name of the client and practitioner, and a description of the work plan and the fees generated by the request. Once the engineer has completed commissioned works and before the customer can pick it up: You must make the referral of work to the bar to proceed your visa.

APPROVAL OF A PROJECT

Is that the school stamp on the project documents (especially in each of the planes) the appropriate visa stamp. It may proceed to review its contents by a technical secretary, and even if you observe any irregularities, can be forced to modification before approval. With the visa, the school is not jointly responsible for the content of the project. But should a mishap occur, would give legal support and optional in case of need. The visa shown:

• Legal recognition of the engineer.
• Authenticates the legal personality of the physician.
• That in carrying out the work have been taken into account the official rules and regulations.
• That the fees are in line with official rates.
• That the execution of work is served by a referee, who is obliged to inform the school of initiation and termination of professional intervention.
• All working documents of a professional engineer, must be endorsed by the professional.

PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE CITY COUNCIL

Once the project has been endorsed, it comes to dealings with government agencies. The first is the City.

• Planning permission.
• License Opening activities.
• Change of ownership or activity.

ANNOYING WORK RULES

• Annoying, are some discomfort noises or vibrations that are derived from them produce.
• Unhealthy: the resulting release or disposal of products that may be harmful to human health.
• Noxious that may cause rewards to the rich agricultural, forestry, livestock and fish.
• Dangerous aimed at the manufacture, handle, sell or store products likely to cause serious risks from explosions, combustion, radiation and others of similar importance to people or property.

STEPS TO THE MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY

Getting permits and authorizations required for:

• Construction.
• Assembly.
• Subsequent operation of the facilities covered by the project.

PROCESSING FACILITIES BT

Completed works and performed initial checks and inspections, authorized installer must issue a certificate of installation, which must include at least:

• Data concerning the main characteristics of the installation.
• The power facility planned.
• The reference of the certificate of inspection body which carried out with favorable ratings, the initial inspection.
• Identification of the certified installer responsible for installing.
• Express statement that the installation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the regulations bt.

Before commissioning, the installer must submit to the competent body of the autonomous region:

• Certificate Installation.
• Project or technical report.
• Construction Management Certificate.
• Initial inspection certificate with a favorable outcome.

PROVISIONAL ACCEPTANCE

After the execution of the project, we proceed to make its provisional acceptance: it is often performed provisional acceptance when the work is carried out almost entirely, subtracting only for auctions to end unimportant. Steps;

• Tests and trials of the executed.
• Commissioning of machinery.
• Exhaustive list of little things left to do.
• Cleaning work.
• Delivery to the ownership of the site plans.
• Delivery of a maintenance plan.

CERTIFICATION

Document that the contractor is settled the work performed. It is customary to pay the contractor certifications, paid each time the difference with the previous one, appreciating the progress from the point of view of the execution of work units. The progress of the work can be determined as the difference between two consecutive certifications.

FEATURES OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

• It’s personal.
• Not delegable.
• Transferable.
• Can be shared.
• It must be on site.

OPTIONAL FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

• Technical management of the works.
• Approval of any change to the project.
• Check that the prescriptions or perform technical and economic conditions.
• Take steps to ensure compliance with regulations.
• Approval of conflicting prices.
• Reflected in the order book.
• Compose, record of staking, certification, certificate of provisional acceptance certificate and final and final work.
• Start of work.
• A certificate of the works.

OPTIONAL DIRECTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES

• Technical and Administrative: responsible that the work conforms to project.
• Civil: responsible for maintaining in good works during construction.
• Penal responsibility for any accident for his foresight.

PROJECT MANAGER FUNCTIONS

• Customer collaboration in the definition and realization of the objectives.
• Project Planning.
• Management and coordination of all resources.
• Permanent maintenance of external relations of the project.
• Decision Making.
• Adoption of corrective measures.
• Responding to customers and higher achieving the objectives.
• Propose changes in boundaries or basic project objectives.

PROJECT DIRECTOR’S PROFILE

• Technical: mastering technology project is the necessary starting point for the director to understand the key points of it, plan resources, generate ideas and solutions …
• Manager: to control and achieve all the objectives of the project.
• Personal relationships: the chief representative of the project and should lead a group of people.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEADER

• Must have as a member.
• The first meaning is not their unique individual features.
• Each group considered a leader who excels at something interesting.
• Each group develops its ideal prototype.
• Should organize, direct, or simply to motivate the group.
• Must have charisma, knowledge, trust, integrity and role model.
• You must have the opportunity to fill that role.

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PROJECTS

• Total lack of planning.
• Decisions are made in collective bodies, lacking a head.
• Deadlines are extremely dilated.
• Management deficiencies that lead to quality defects.

RELATIONS or precedents

The various activities of the project is not typically done either successively or simultaneously. A step in the planning process is to establish the most logical and convenient linkage between the various activities performed. They can be of 3 types:

• Technical (foundation rather than structure).
• Procedural (how to work).
• Imposed.

Planning stage

• First, we must make the corresponding technical studies, market, financial, profitability … as well as an estimate of the resources and the costs incurred.
• Second, is held once decided to run the project. It’s time to make the point by point detailed planning.

PLANNING-PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES

• Graphics: Gantt and derivatives (milestones and network).
• Operations Research: pert and another (pdm and adm).

TEAM

A group of people assigned or self-assigned, according to specific skills and competencies, to fulfill a particular goal under the leadership of a coordinator.

TEAMWORK

Number of strategies, procedures and methodologies used by a group of people to achieve the goals set.

BENEFITS OF TEAMWORK

• Reduces workload.
• Best results (2 better than 1).
• Learning to listen and respect others.
• It allows a better organization.
• Improving quality.
• Synergy effect: the result of teamwork is always better than the sum of individual contributions.

RULES TO SAVE TIME

• Learning to say no.
• Define and prioritize target.
• Include in planning spaces and unforeseen interruptions.
• Allocate different times of day to rest.

INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

Legal concept that is protected by:

• Industrial Inventions.
• Industrial Designs.
• Distinctive products and services.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

The legal concept that protects the scientific, literary and artistic works that can be made light by any means.

COPYRIGHT (COPYRIGHT)

The law requires them to register in the register of intellectual property of computer programs,

books … is valid worldwide

SPTO

Autonomous agency of the ministry of science and technology. It promotes technological and economic development, providing legal protection to various forms of industrial property. Mission:

• Granting the different industrial property
• Provide information technology services

PATENT

Title recognizing the right to exclusively exploit the patented invention, preventing others from manufacturing, selling or use without owner’s consent. In return, the patent is made available to the public, having to describe the invention sufficiently to be executable by an expert in the field. Distinguishing features:

• It is an industrial property title
• Awarded by the state
• 20 years extendable
• Within the borders of the state

UTILITY MODEL

Protects inventions inverted junior patents, such as giving an object a configuration structure that leads to some practical use. It is characterized by:

• Its usefulness and practicality
• Not for its aesthetics
• The protection is similar to the patent
• 10 year
• Requires payment of annual fees

MARK

Title granting the exclusive right to use a specific identification of a product or service market. Should be distinctive:

• You need not be new
• They do not cause confusion
• Products or services linked to
• Linked to use
• Indefinite

Conditions for an invention is patentable

• That its patentability is not exclusive
• Have world premiere
• Inventive
• Have industrial applicability
• Not undermine public morals or public order
• That is protected by a patent valid

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• Patents
• Licenses
• Know know
• Support