Civil Law: Obligations, Contracts, Property, and Real Rights
Introduction and General
Lesson I: Civil Law
1. The General Legal Rule
1.1 Characteristics of Legal Standards
1.2 Classes or Types of Legal Standards
1.3 Distinguishing Elements of Legal Standards
1.4 Recipients of Legal Standards
2. The Distinction Between Public and Private Law
1. Public Law
2. Private Law
2.1 General Private Law
2.2 Special Private Law
3. The Concept of Civil Law
Lesson II: The Legal System
1. Sources of Law
1.1 Formal Sources
1.2 Material Sources
1.3 The Law
1.3.1 Formal Law
1.3.2 Material Law
1.3.3 Elaboration of Formal Law
1.3.3.1 Classes of Repeal
1.3.4 Interpretation and Implementation of Laws
1.3.4.1 Elements of Interpretation
1.3.4.2 Classes of Interpretation
1.3.5 Application of Law
1.3.6 Effectiveness of Laws
1.4 Custom
1.4.1 Elements of Custom
1.4.2 Requirements
1.5 General Principles of Law
1.5.1 Functions
2. Complementary Elements of the Legal System
3. Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court
4. International Law and the European Union
4.1 Sources of European Union Law
1. Community Regulation
2. Directives
Lesson III: Catalan Civil Law
1. Catalan Legal System
1.1 Catalan Law
2. Connection Between Catalan Civil Law and Civil Status
2.1 Civil Matters Whose Regulation is Directly the Responsibility of the State
2.2 Civil Matters Regulated by the Autonomous Community
2.3 Civil Neighborhood
2.3.1 Common Civil Neighborhood
2.3.2 Civil Neighborhood of its Own
Lesson IV: The Person
1. Legal Personality
1.1 Legal Status
1.2 Capacity to Act
2. Natural Person
3. Capacity to Act
3.1 Full Capacity to Act
3.2 Limited Capacity to Act
3.2.1 Substitutive Intervention
3.2.2 Complementary Intervention
3.2.3 Emancipated Minor
3.2.4 Minor Living Independently
3.2.5 Unemancipated Minor
3.2.6 Incapacitated Person
4. Legal Persons
4.1 Characteristics
4.2 Classes of Legal Persons
4.2.1 Associative Structure
4.2.2 Functional Structure
4.3 Association
4.3.1 Characteristics
4.3.2 Elements of Structure
4.4 Foundation
4.4.1 Characteristics
4.4.2 Elements of Structure
Lesson V: Representation
1. Types of Representation
1.1 Legal Representation
1.2 Voluntary Representation
1.2.1 Direct Representation
1.2.2 Indirect Representation
1.3 Unilateral Business Seizure
1.4 Bilateral Business Seizure
2. Cases of a Contract Without Representation or Authorization
3. Causes of Termination of Power
Lesson VI: Prescription and Limitation
1. Prescription
1.1 Limitation Periods
a. General
b. Special
1.2 Interruption of Prescription
1.2.1 Causes of Interruption
1.3 Suspension of Prescription
1.3.1 Causes of Suspension
2. Lapse
2.1 Lapse of Actions
2.1.1 Available Legal Relations
2.1.2 Unavailable Legal Relations
3. Preclusion
Law of Obligations and Contracts
Lesson VII: The Obligation
1. Active Legal Position
1.1 Enforcement
2. Passive Legal Position
3. Elements
3.1 Subject
3.2 Object
4. Sources
4.1 Act
4.2 Contracts
4.3 Illegal Acts or Omissions
5. Unilateral Will as a Source of Obligations
6. Classes of Obligation
6.1 Obligations to Give and Not to Give
6.1.1 Purpose
6.1.2 Types
6.1.3 Consequences
6.2 Obligation to Do
6.2.1 Obligations of Simple Activity
6.2.2 Obligations of Result
6.2.3 Very Personal Obligations
6.2.4 Fungible Obligation
6.2.5 Obligation Not to Do
6.3 Obligations With Plurality
6.3.1 Conjunctive Obligation
6.3.2 Optional Obligation
6.4 Obligations With More Than One Person
6.4.1 Joint Obligation
6.4.2 Joint and Several Obligation
6.5 Interrelated Obligations
7. Consequences of Obligations
7.1 Fulfillment
7.2 Breach
8. Accessory Obligations
Lesson VIII: Fulfillment of Obligation
1. Subjects Involved in Payment
1.1 Active Subject
1.2 Passive Subject
2. Requirements for Payment
2.1 Requirements for Performance
2.2 Requirements for Place and Time
3. Imputation of Payment
4. Forms of Payment
4.1 Dation in Payment
4.2 Payment by Assignment of Assets
Lesson IX: Breach of Contract
1. Cases of Breach
2. Debtor’s Delay
3. Cases Where There is No Liability for Breach
3.1 Fortuitous Event
3.2 Force Majeure
4. Imputability of Default
4.1 Effects
4.2 Mechanisms to Maintain the Debtor’s Assets
4.2.1 Revocatory Action
4.2.2 Subrogatory Action
5. Guarantees of the Obligation
5.1 Personal Guarantees
5.1.1 Penalty Clause
5.1.2 Suretyship
5.2 Real Guarantees
5.2.1 Movable (Pledge)
5.2.2 Real Estate (Mortgage)
6. Consequences of Attributable Breach
6.1 Enforcement
6.2 Compensation
6.2.1 Scope of Compensation
i. Emerging Damage
ii. Lost Profits
6.2.2 Scope Based on the Type of Debtor
i. Negligent Debtor
ii. Malicious Debtor
Lesson X: Extinction of Obligation
1. Loss of the Thing Due and Supervening Impossibility
2. Remission of Debt
3. Confusion
4. Set-Off
4.1 Requirements for Set-Off
5. Novation
5.1 Requirements for Fulfillment
Lesson XI: Amendment of Liability
1. Objective Modality
2. Subjective Modality
2.1 Change of Creditor
2.1.1 Assignment of Credit
2.1.2 Subrogation of Credit
2.2 Change of Debtor
2.2.1 Exprovisión
2.2.2 Delegation
Lesson XII: The Contract
1. Essential Elements of a Contract
1.1 Consent
1.1.1 Basic Principles
1.1.2 Validity of Contractual Consent
i. Error
ii. Violence
iii. Intimidation
iv. Fraud
1.2 Object of the Contract
1.3 Cause of the Obligation
2. Incidental Elements of a Contract
2.1 Condition
2.1.1 Condition Precedent
2.1.2 Resolutory Condition
2.2 Term
2.2.1 Initial
2.2.2 Final
2.2.3 Essential
Lesson XIII: Formation of the Contract
1. Preliminary Negotiations
2. Offer of Contract
3. Acceptance of Contract
4. Adhesion Contract
5. Control of General Conditions of Contract
5.1 Control of Transposition to the Contract
5.2 Control of the Formulation of the General Conditions
5.3 Control of the Content of the General Conditions
6. Interpretation of the Contract
6.1 Aids to Find the Meaning
6.1.1 Words
6.1.2 Clauses of the Contract
6.1.3 Conduct of the Contractors
6.2 Criteria of Interpretation
7. Integration of the Contract
Lesson XIV: Effectiveness and Ineffectiveness of Contracts
1. Principle of Contracts
1.1 Contract for the Benefit of a Third Party
1.2 Contract to the Detriment of a Third Party
1.2.1 Effects
2. Modification of Contractual Circumstances
2.1 Supervening Modification
3. Ineffectiveness of the Contract
3.1 Void Contracts
3.2 Voidable Contracts
4. Extinction of the Contract
4.1 Unilateral Withdrawal
4.2 Rescission
Lesson XV: Sale and Purchase Agreement
1. Characteristics
2. Purpose
3. Obligations for the Subjects
3.1 Buyer
3.2 Seller
3.2.1 Delivery of the Thing
3.2.2 Warranty
i. Eviction
ii. Hidden Faults or Defects Affecting the Thing
Lesson XVI: The Lease
1. Lease of Things
1.1 Rent
1.2 Duration
1.3 Extinction
2. Lease of Work
2.1 Risks of the Contract
2.2 Loss or Deterioration of the Work Due to Defects
2.3 Subcontracting
Lesson XVII: The Contract of Partnership
1. Features
2. Classes of Partnership
2.1 Civil Partnership
2.1.1 Particular Civil Partnership
2.1.2 Unilateral Civil Partnership
2.2 Commercial Company
2.2.1 Public Limited Companies
2.2.2 Limited Liability Companies
3. Content of the Contract
3.1 External Relations
3.2 Internal Relations
4. Dissolution or Extinction of the Partnership
1. Subjective Liability or Act Itself
2. Vicarious Liability
3. Objective Liability or No-Fault Act
4. Characteristics
5. Liability Arising from Contract
5.1 Insurance of Damages
5.2 Civil Liability
Ownership and Real Rights
Lesson XIX: Possession
1. Types of Possession
1.1 Legitimate Possession
1.2 Illegitimate Possession
1.2.1 Good Faith
1.2.2 Bad Faith
2. Effects of Possession
2.1 General
2.2 Specific
3. Automatic Conversion
3.1 Settlement of the Possessory Status
3.1.1 Good Faith
1. Fruits
2. Expenses
3. Loss or Destruction
3.1.2 Bad Faith
1. Fruits
2. Expenses
3. Loss or Destruction
Lesson XX: Real Rights
1. Characteristics
2. Object of Real Rights
3. Classes of Real Rights
3.1 Full Real Right
3.2 Limited Real Right
3.2.1 Categories of Limited Rights
1. Right of Enjoyment
2. Right of Guarantee
3. Right of Acquisition
3.2.2 Characteristics of Limited Real Rights
1. Temporality
2. Enforceability
4. Acquisition of Real Rights
4.1 Occupation
4.2 Usucaption
4.2.1 Causes of Discontinuation of Usucaption
4.2.2 Consequences of Discontinuation of Usucaption
4.2.3 Suspension of Possession in Usucaption
4.2.4 Term of Usucaption
4.3 Tradition
4.3.1 Classes or Modes of Delivery
i. Real or Material Delivery
ii. Symbolic Delivery
iii. Delivery by Agreement
iv. Voluntary Unilateral Delivery
4.4 Donation
4.4.1 Characteristics of Donation
4.4.2 Classes of Donation
i. Donation Mortis Causa
ii. Donation Inter Vivos
4.4.3 Form (Mode/Manner) of Donation
i. Real Estate
ii. Movable Property
4.4.4 Revocation of Donation
i. Survival
ii. Breach of Conditions
iii. Ingratitude of the Donee
iv. Poverty of the Donor
5. Extinction of Real Rights
5.1 General Causes
5.1.1 Destruction
5.1.2 Waiver
5.1.3 Expropriation
5.2 Specific Causes
5.2.1 Term
5.2.2 Consolidation
Lesson XXI: Property Rights
1. Definition
2. Fundamental Construction
3. Limits
i. Good Faith
ii. The Social Function of Property
3.1 Limits of Public Interest
3.2 Limits of Private Interest
3.2.1 Neighborly Relations
3.2.2 Emissions
i. Lawful
ii. Unlawful
4. Limitations on Property Rights
5. Protection of Property Rights
5.1 Action for Recovery
5.1.1 Requirements for the Action to Succeed
5.1.2 Effects of the Action
5.2 Negatory Action
5.2.1 Effects and Duration
6. Co-ownership
6.1 Classes
6.1.1 Germanic Co-ownership
6.1.2 Roman Co-ownership
6.2 Use of the Common Good
Lesson XXII: The Right to Real Enjoyment
1. Right of Easement
1.1 Types of Easement
1.1.1 Voluntary
1.1.2 Legal
1.2 Causes of Extinction of Easement
2. Right of Usufruct
2.1 Classes of Usufruct
2.1.1 Voluntary
2.1.2 Legal
2.2 Content of the Right of Usufruct
2.3 Obligations
2.3.1 Conservation of the Object
2.3.2 Return of the Object
2.4 Extinction of Usufruct
3. Right of Superficies
3.1 Characteristics
Lesson XXIII: Security Rights
1. Right of Pledge
1.1 Characteristics
1.2 Constitution of Pledge
1.3 Effects
2. Right of Mortgage
2.1 Characteristics
2.2 Constitution of Mortgage
2.3 Classes of Mortgage
2.3.1 Voluntary Mortgage
2.3.2 Legal Mortgage
2.4 Effects
3. Right of Retention
3.1 Characteristics