Child Development and Early Childhood Education
Moral Autonomy
Moral autonomy (from 7-8 years) involves the internalization of adult standards. The child is able to take the place of another, begins to discover their intentions, and establishes new partnerships with others. Things are good or bad because they meet or break the rules. Moral valuation becomes increasingly abstract and universal.
For example, is it wrong to lie because it betrays the trust of a friend, or is it preferable to suffer a punishment rather than rat out a teammate?
Cognitive development is necessary but not sufficient to move from a heteronomous morality to moral autonomy. Author: Piaget.
Major Agents of Socialization in Early Childhood
The most important agents are: family, peer groups, media, and the school.
Family: The most important models for children are their parents. The relationship established with parents will be the basis for their future relationships. The key is to create bonds of affection in a relaxed environment or emotional climate that meets the needs of the child. Avoid extreme attitudes.
The peer group: Very important. It is the first opportunity to interact with those of the same age. It provides preparation to adapt and interact under the same strategy in adulthood. The child tests in the group the personality acquired within the family, and if they cannot survive with these traits, they modify, adapting to the world that exists outside the family.
Media: Plays an important role in the socialization of children, especially TV.
Infant School: The second context of socialization. It involves learning another set of rules of conduct and living habits.
Meaningful Learning
What is meant by meaningful learning? Who is the author of this concept?
Ausubel contrasted meaningful learning concepts versus rote learning. When the student learns new content, they significantly associate it with prior knowledge and thus change their internal structure or organization.
In addition to teaching content, it must be potentially significant, and the student must exhibit a favorable attitude. This means the teacher must:
- Select potentially significant content
- Present it in relation to the student’s previous experience
- Create a suitable climate in the classroom to promote a positive attitude toward meaningful learning
Memory
What is memory?
Memory is the ability to bring to the present events, images, or ideas that are stored in our minds. Without that capability, we could not think, understand, or acquire knowledge.
There are three types of memory:
- Sensory Register: Collects the information that reaches the senses and keeps it only for a few tenths of a second so it can be processed by our mental structure.
- Short-term memory: What we remember at this moment, gathered from long-term memory.
- Long-term memory: We store all sensory information once it has been analyzed and interpreted. In this report, things are stored, forming a network; this explains why when we remember one thing, we are led to others, as they are all related.
It comprises three processes:
- Acquisition: Responsible for the input. Factors involved are perception and attention.
- Storage: Refers to the way information is organized and encoded to be stored.
- Retrieval: Involves taking things out of memory. It may be by:
- Recognition: Occurs from 4-6 months. For example, recognizing one’s coat among others.
- Evocation: Means the recovery of data that are not present. Occurs after 2 years.
Components of Every Game
In every game, there are two components, although sometimes one component prevails over the other.
In every game, there are two components: the configurational and delivery. The configurational component is the subject’s action on the material. For example, a child uses a broomstick as a horse. This emphasizes the game’s characters or symbolic play.
In other games, the child must necessarily adapt (deliver) to the conditions of the material they want to play with. For example, playing ball is the adaptation to the physical condition of the ball (its bounce, predicting its path). The games in which this factor dominates are called delivery, with outstanding rules.
Every game has both configuration and delivery; they are intrinsic and inseparable aspects of the game, two sides of a single coin.
Steps to Perform an Artistic Expression Activity
Indicate the steps to perform an activity of artistic expression with pulp.
- Introducing the activity
- Preparation of materials
- Job execution
- Collection or cleaning and organizing resources
- Sharing the experience
Sensation and Perception
Clearly differentiate, with examples, the concepts of sensation and perception.
Law of similarity: Some very similar stimuli can become perceived as part of the same configurational structure.
Gestalt Theory vs. Associationist Psychology
Unlike Gestalt theory and the theory of associationist psychology.
Associationist psychology considers that the baby is shaping perceptual structures based on the experiences that reflect the external environment, not on maturing sensory integration. It considers that the perception of the parts comes before and after the vision of inclusiveness. While Gestalt considers the perceptions and connections that show internal coordination and follow their own laws.
Designing a Classroom Activity
List and explain each step to follow when designing a classroom activity: schedule.
- Setting objectives and content selection: Determine the objectives or purposes to be achieved with the development of the activity and select the contents.
- Development activity: We will need a form of presentation, instructions, orders, the role of the educator, types of aid that can and should be offered, and the form of execution expected by the child or group.
- Organization of space in which to perform.
- Estimated time for completion.
- Materials needed.
- In-school activities also indicate the date, time, and travel route, the staff necessary for its implementation, family involvement, the organization and activities (workshops and outings), the collection of materials from the environment, and the central organs of participation.
- Evaluation: We will determine what will evaluate the activity and with what instruments. The observation of the development of the activity and sharing are two recommended techniques, and rating scales are appropriate instruments and records.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is the process of cell division in which daughter cells receive exactly the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell that has originated through a duplication process. The chromosome number is always even.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in male and female gametes containing half the normal chromosome number. That half of the chromosomes from each gamete is called the haploid number.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
What is causing erythroblastosis fetalis or neonatal jaundice?
If the father is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, there are chances that the fetus inherits the father’s Rh+, in which case their blood will be incompatible with the mother’s.
If the child is Rh+, alterations may occur from the second pregnancy.
If the mother’s body was already in contact with Rh+ because of a previous pregnancy or abortion, the blood of the mother has learned to produce natural defenses that can attack and destroy red blood cells of Rh+, which it recognizes as foreign, resulting in erythroblastosis fetalis. This is diagnosed with amniocentesis, and if necessary, a blood transfusion can be used in the womb, and delivery can be advanced before the mother passes defenses to the fetus.
Erythroblastosis fetalis is a disease of the fetus caused by agglutination and phagocytosis of the fetus’s erythrocytes by the mother’s immune system.
The preventive measures before pregnancy should identify the blood type and Rh factor, and Coombs testing should be performed.
Gastrocolic Reflex
Explain the gastrocolic reflex.
It is the increased muscle movements of the gastrointestinal tract when food reaches an empty stomach, which may cause the urge to defecate immediately after eating. During the first six months of life, babies usually have 5-6 bowel movements a day, usually after food intake as a result of the gastrocolic reflex action. With the passage of time, this comes up to 2 stools per day from the first year.
Vaccination Process
Explain the process of vaccination.
Vaccination is the introduction of killed or treated germs to combat infection caused by viruses. Sometimes it takes a while; sometimes it is for life.
Moral Autonomy and Heteronomy
Concept of moral autonomy and heteronomy. Unlike both terms clearly, put examples, and note who is the author.
Moral heteronomy (2 to 7 years): External moral. Depends on adult ratings “it is wrong to lie because my dad told m”). The child is not able to get in the place of others and assess the intentionality of behavior. They see the application of punishment for the transgression of adult rules as good. They obey the rules of the adult and are incapable of self-judgment.