Child and Adolescent Development

Posted on May 15, 2024 in Psychology and Sociology

Developmental Psychology. Psychology of Childhood and Adolescence.

Quantitative change: change in the number or amount of something, such as height or weight.
Qualitative changes: it appears in the character, structure, or organization, including the nature of a person’s intelligence.

Man’s life is divided into eight periods:

Prenatal (from conception to birth)
Stage of the first steps (from birth to age 3)
Early childhood (from 3 to 6 years)
Intermediate childhood (from 6 to 12)
Adolescence (12 to 20)
Early adulthood (20 to 40)
Middle adulthood (40 to 65)
Old (65 onwards)

Dimensions and Aspects of Development

Basically, it looks at three aspects of human development:

Physical development: are all the bodily changes of sensory and motor skills as part of physical development and influence personality.
Intellect and intellectual or cognitive development: changes in mental faculties such as learning, memory, reasoning, thinking, creativity, and language.
Psychosocial development: changes relate to the way how the person relates with others, express their emotions and personality.

The Main Theoretical Approaches, According to Pappdia, yDuskin Wendkos (1979)

Psychoanalytic perspective: refers to the unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Its main representatives are: Sigmund Freud, psychosexual theory, Erikson, psychosocial theory, Miller relational theory.
Learning perspective: is more interested in the observable behavior than unconscious forces. Study the behavior from an objective perspective and scientific. Argues that development is quantitative and continuous, and therefore subsequent behavior can be predicted from previous behaviors. Behaviorism and social learning theory are two important streams of learning perspective. Behaviorism is classified as “classical conditioning”, the main representatives are: Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson. “Operant conditioning”, its chief representative is; B.F. Skinner. Social learning theory of Albert Bandura, argues that children learn social behavior through observation and imitation of models.
Cognitive perspective: this theoretical perspective, to conceptualize people as beings living and growing with their own inner impulses and patterns of development. They relate to the development of thought processes. The main representative is Piaget.
Humanistic perspective: Maslow identified a hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior. When people manage to cover their basic needs can seek the satisfaction of other higher. The proposed hierarchy consists of the following requirements, in ascending order: physiological, safety, belonging to a group and love, esteem, of self.

Psychology of Children and Adolescents

Psychology of children and of adolescence is to study the behavior of children from birth to adolescence and from there to adulthood, including their physical, cognitive, motor, language, perspectives, social, and emotional.

a) Evolutionary Development in Childhood. Main Characteristics

Various aspects of child development encompass physical growth, psychological and emotional changes, and social adjustment. Many determinants condition the patterns of development and different rates of implementation. The main points to note are:

Birth: all babies are born with a series of reflexes, necessary for survival, among which stand out: the sucking, rooting, grasping, walking automatically.
Developing brain: At birth, the most mature of the most celebrated are internal, the closest connection to celebrate with the bone. The behavior of the newborn is full of automatic behaviors that will be becoming volunteers and monitored as they go producing the brain maturation process, which occurs in the direction of the center to the periphery.

Brain Size Increases Considerably During the First Year of Life – Physical Growth

Usually, a newborn weighs 3.4 kg, is 53 cm, and has a disproportionately larger head size than the rest of the body. In the first three years, increasing weight and size is very fast, then grows at a slower pace until adolescence that has had a rapid re-growth.

Motor Activity

The child moves from the uncoordinated movements of the newborn, the predominant activity reflects the motor coordination of the adult through a series of complex developmental patterns.

Language

The ability to understand and use language is one of the main achievements of the human species. An astonishing feature of language development is the rapid acquisition.

Training of Personality

Within this point, you have to take into account three major events that are related to self-knowledge, self-development:

As children get older, the self is changing and becoming more relevant content resources social.
The psychological and self-esteem refers to the evaluative and judgmental aspect of self-knowledge is the child.
Identity and sexual offense: up to 7-8 years, the identity is not defined by genitalia, but by external stereotypes. From this age, children begin to hang their sexual identity of the different anatomies.

Family Relationships

Attitudes, values, and parental behavior certainly influence the development of children, as well as the specific characteristics of they influence the behavior and attitude of the parents.

Social Relations

Social relations involving child interaction and coordination of mutual interests, in which the child acquires social patterns of behavior through games, especially within their group equal. In this way, pass from the years prior to his enrollment until adolescence, increasingly sophisticated social systems that influence their values and future behavior.

Socialization

The process by which children learn to differentiate what is acceptable (positive) of the unacceptable, his behavior is called socialization.

Intelligence Development

Children construct their sensory, motor, and reflex to learn the world and adapt to it. As they learn from their experiences, develop more complex cognitive structures.

Stages of Cognitive Development Proposed by Piaget Are:

Sensorimotor stage: from birth to 2 years, the child ceases to be someone who responds to reflexes and become someone organizing activities on the environment. Learn through sensory activities.
Stage motor and preoperational: 2 years at 7, the child develops a representative system and uses symbols such as words, to represent people, places, and facts.
Operational stage concrete: from 7 to 12, the child can solve problems logically if they focus on the here and now.
Stage of formal operations: 12 to adulthood, the person can think in abstract terms, brooding face in scenarios and possibilities.

b) Evolutionary Development in Adolescence: Main Face

It is a period of transition, a stage of growth cycle that marks the end of childhood and adulthood announces, for many young adolescence is a period of uncertainty even of despair, for others it is a stage of internal friendships, of loosening the bonds with parents and dream about the future. The term adolescent is generally used to refer to a person who is between 13 and 19, typical period between childhood and adulthood. This period begins with the physiological changes of puberty and ends when it reaches the full sociological status of the adult. The features are:

The search for identity is a journey that lasts a lifetime, whose starting point is in childhood and accelerates the speed at this time. To form an identity, the ego organizes the skills, needs, and desires of a person and help to adapt to the demands of society. The search for who I am become as insistent sense of identity begins where the process identification.
Ranging academic work on childhood, he often unprepared to overcome and overcome them.
Become important aspects of attachment and detachment.
Will create the conditions of confrontation to an emotional life with or without a partner, establishing a personal identity, individual and social differentiation of self.

We can therefore say that the unique problems of adolescents are related to the school environment, the generational relations, drug consumption, self-esteem, poor coping skills, etc.

r coping skills, etc.

19.psicología development. Psychology of childhood and adolescence.

Developmental psychology is the part of psychology that deals with the study of psychological change processes that occur throughout life, in particular the changes related to the development process of the people, their growth and vitales. experiences-for Pappdia, yDuskin Wendkos (1979), developmental psychology is the scientific study of how people change as they remain some aspects over time. Such changes may be two ways, “quantitative change: change in the number or amount of something, such as height or wt.-qualitative changes: it appears in the character, structure or organization, including the nature of a person’s intelligence .- man’s life is divided into eight periods: prenatal -1 (from conception to birth), “2etapa of the first steps (from birth to age 3), -3 early childhood (from 3 to 6 years), “4infancia intermedia8desde 6 to 12), -5 adolescence (12 to 20), -6 early adulthood (20 to 40), 7 – middle adulthood (40 to 65), -8 old (65 onwards) .- dimensions and aspects of desarrollo.-basically looks at three aspects of human development, physical development, are all the bodily changes of sensory and motor skills as part of physical development and influence personalidad.-intellect and intellectual or cognitive development: changes in mental faculties such as learning, memory, reasoning, thinking, creativity and lenguaje.-psychosocial development: changes relate to the way how the person relates with others, express their emotions and personalidad.-the main approaches, according Pappdia teóricos., yDuskin Wendkos (1979): – psychoanalytic perspective: refers to the unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Its main representatives are: Sigmund Freud, psychosexual theory, Erikson, psychosocial theory, Miller relacional.-theory-learning perspective is more interested in the observable behavior that unconscious forces. Study the behavior from an objective perspective and scientific. Argues that development is quantitative and continuous, and therefore subsequent behavior can be predicted from previous behaviors. Behaviorism and social learning theory are two important streams aprendizaje. perspective, behaviorism is classified as “classical conditioning, the main representatives are: Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson.”Operant conditioning, its chief representative is; BFSkinner.-social learning theory of Albert Bandura, argues that children learn social behavior through observation and imitation of models .- cognitive perspective, this theoretical perspective, to conceptualize people as beings living and growing with their own inner impulses and patterns of development. They relate to the development of thought processes. The main representative is Piaget .- humanistic perspective: Maslow identified a hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior. When people manage to cover their basic needs can seek the satisfaction of other higher. The proposed hierarchy consists of the following requirements, in ascending order: physiological, safety, belonging to a group and love, esteem, of self .- psychology of children and adolescents .- psychology of children and of adolescence is to study the behavior of children from birth to adolescence and from there to adulthood, including their physical, cognitive, motor, language, perspectives, social and emocionales.-a) in the evolutionary development childhood. Main characteristics .- various aspects of child development encompass physical growth, psychological and emotional changes and social adjustment. Many determinants condition the patterns of development and different rates of implementation. The main points to note are: – birth, all babies are born with a series of reflexes, necessary for survival, among which stand out: the sucking, rooting, grasping, walking automático.-developing brain: the At birth, the most mature of the most celebrated are internal, the closest connection to celebrate with the bone. The behavior of the newborn is full of automatic behaviors that will be becoming volunteers and monitored as they go producing the brain maturation process, which occurs in the direction of the center to the periphery.