Cell Biology: Elements, Microscopes, and Cell Structures
Ch. 6: Natural Elements in Living Things
C, O, N, H
Molecular Chains
Carbon can form large molecules
Monomers
Small molecules
Polymers
A large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
Carbohydrates
An organic compound in ratio of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen (sugars)
Lipids
Fats, oil, waxes (C, O, H)
Proteins
Built by amino acids (C, H, O, N), enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
Nucleic Acid
Composed of nucleotides
Ch. 7: Development of Electron Microscopes
In the mid 1600’s Anton van Leeuwenhoek looked at the first cells
Cell Theory
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- All cells come from preexisting cells
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Scans the surface of an object for a three-dimensional image (60,000x)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Can see objects within the organism (over 100,000x)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
Uses the flown electrons to investigate atoms on the surface of the molecule
Basic Cell Types
- Prokaryotes: Cells with NO nucleus or membrane-bound (Bacteria)
- Eukaryotes: Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals, fungi, and protests)
Organelles
Membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells
Ch. 8: Osmosis and Cell Transport
Osmosis
The diffusion of water
Solutions
- Isotonic Solution
- Hypotonic Solution
- Hypertonic Solution
Passive Transport
Moves material without using energy from high to low concentration
Active Transport
Requires energy to go against the concentration gradient low to high concentration
Endocytosis
A cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment
Exocytosis
The expulsion of secretion of materials from a cell
Cell Size Limitations
Most cells are small, about 2 to 200 micrometers
Cell Reproduction
The discovery of chromosomes: structures that contain DNA
Ch. 9: Cell Energy and Photosynthesis
Cell Energy
Life needs energy, all metabolic processes require energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The energy unit for the cell consisting of 1 adenosine and 3 phosphates
Photosynthesis
The process plants use to trap the sun’s energy and build carbohydrates