Catolicavirtual empire
The first religious reformation of the 16th century was started by a German friar called Martin Luther.
It was The Lutheran reform, against the practice of granting indulgences in exchange for money.
Who was John Calvin? A French priest
What did he establish and where? He established a theocracy in Geneva.
emergedas a reaction against the previously established institution; the Huguenots against the monarchy in France and Puritans against the Church of England.
The Huguenots were based in France and the Puritans in the Low Countries, Scotland, England
Motivation of the English Reformation? Political
The Act of Supremacy … (true/false)
… Made Henry VIII head of the Church of England. True
… Granted Anne Boleyn royal supremacy.
False (The Act of Supremacy granted Henry VIII royal supremacy.)
… Stated that the Church had power over English monarchs. False (The Act of Supremacy stated that Church’s power was diminished under the English monarchs.)
… Combined Catholicism and Lutheranism. True
What was its objective? Try to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation.
Why was the Council of Trent held? Where and when did it take place? To formulate a programme of changes in response to the Protestant Reformation, as well as to stop the crisis in the Catholic Church.
- Who was Carlos V?The grandson of the Catholic Monarchs.
16. What was the only thing in common for all the kingdoms of this vast empire? The sovereign (complete)
18. Which was his main aspiration? To establish a universal Christian Empire. (comple
26. Which were TERCIOS? They were military infantry units from the Habsburg army, consisting of mercenaries and conscripts, and most members were volunteers. Their squads were compact and mobile, and they used firearms. They revolutionised military strategy and played a key role in the military success of the Hispanic Monarchy. (choose definition)
28.Which were social problems during the 16th century? Banditry and rebellions. (complete)
31. Which was the justification for the conquest of America? Convert the indigenous inhabitants to Christianity
And the object?Obtain gold and silver (choose)
Who were the conquistadores? They were members of the third estate or the lower nobility.
What did they want to obtain? They wanted to obtain wealth and try to climb the social ladder.
How did they achieve their aims? Signing up for dangerous missions, such as conquering the large empires in newly discovered America.
37. Explain the role of these people during the conquest of America.(join)
Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire.
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire.
Bartolomé de las Casas condemned the colonists’ treatment of the indigenous peoples and advocated peaceful Christian colonisation by missionaries.
Pedro Valdivia: conquered Chile.
Pedro de Alvarado: conquered the Mayan Empire.
Audiencias were the highest judicial institutions. The first was established in Santo Domingo (1511). Then, another 11 were founded between the 16th and 17th centuries.
The Council of the Indies was the supreme governing body of Spain’s colonies in America. All the laws governing America were drawn up here, and colonial officials were appointed.
Cabildos were city councils that were first established in the Canary Islands. Because the royal court was a long way away, they had a lot of local power and jurisdiction over administrative, economic and judicial matters.
Viceroyalties were established following the conquest of the pre-Columbian empires. They were large territories governed by a viceroy in charge of administrative, military and judicial matters.
Casa de Contratación was created to control trade and the exploration and colonisation of the new lands. It was established in Sevilla.
Flota de Indias was a system used by the Hispanic Monarchy to organise its trade monopoly with its colonies. Once a year, two convoys of goods and slaves arrived in America from Sevilla. They sailed to the port of Veracruz, where they collected goods transported from all over America and the Philippines (gold, silver, spices, cocoa beans and Chinese products). These were then taken back to Sevilla by a fleet of merchant ships protected by war galleons.
Encomiendas were created in farming areas. Land was shared between several colonists. Each was in charge of a group of indigenous inhabitants who had to work the land in exchange for food and protection.
An Inca system of forced labour called the mita was used in mines. In areas near mines, a certain number of locals were required to become miners.
What was the objective of the Laws of Burgos and the New Laws? Their objective was to abolish the encomienda system
Which were mestizos? Children had together by natives, Africans and European colonists.
And criollos? Criollos were the descendants of the colonists. (choose definition)
The arrival of the Europeans, with their language, religion, political structure and customs, led to the disappearance of indigenous cultures.
There were also important advances in geography, cartography and navigation techniques, such as the development of new ships such as galleons, which were faster and had a larger capacity than carracks and caravels