Carlism and the First Carlist War (1833-1840)
Item 12.1 (first part) The Queen Elizabeth II. The opposition to liberalism [including issue of succession]: Carlism and Civil War. The question foral.
In 1830, Ferdinand VII issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which stated that if the king had no male heir, the eldest daughter would inherit. This meant in practice abolish the Salic Law, in force in Spain since the reign of Felipe V, which prevented the access of women to the throne. Thus, Ferdinand’s daughter (Elizabeth, born 1830) was proclaimed heir to the crown. In 1832, Fernando (seriously ill) was pressured by conservative groups to overturn the Pragmatic Sanction, which he agreed to the king. However, shortly after his health improved, and re-entered into force. Ferdinand died in 1833, and Elizabeth inherited the throne of Spain. As the new queen had barely three years old, his mother (Maria Cristina) assumed the regency until the age of Isabel.Don Carlos, brother of Fernando, considered the legitimate heir to the throne he was, and not the daughter of the late monarch. Don Carlos was proclaimed king. His followers began an uprising against Maria Cristina. Civil war broke out in Spain from Elizabethan side (in support of the regent) and the Carlist (supporters of Charles, Count) .- The sectors represented Carlism defending absolutism and the Old Regime in Spain. They were defenders of the Catholic religion, and contrary to religious freedom. Declaring illiberal and socially conservative. They were supporters of capitalism, or the country’s industrialization. They advocated further charters maintaining traditional Basque and Navarre. As a Carlist background, we can mention the items during the Liberal Triennium, and the Regency of Urgel. Its symbol was the red cross on a white Burgundy, and his motto God, country, charters and rey.El Carlism received support mainly from the church, the army, the gentry and peasantry Basque and Navarre. He also supports the Mastership (Castellón) and Catalonia. Carlos also supported the European absolutist powers .- For its part, the side Elizabethan received support from sections of the nobility, the urban middle classes, and the Liberals. The mayor had no choice but to accede to the introduction of liberal measures, the latter for its support, essential in the First Carlist War. In addition, Britain, France and Portugal supported the camp financially isabelino.La Carlist War had three phases: * In the first phase (1833-1835) highlights the control of the North by the Carlist, led by Zumalacárregui. However, the Carlist failed to take Bilbao: General Espartero did reject the siege of the city that was submitted, dying in the same Zumalacárregui. Moreover, in this first phase, the Carlist general
Cabrera managed to control the area of Maestrazgo .* In the second phase (1836-1837), the Carlist made every effort to gain support in other areas of Spain, but failed in the attempt. They reached the gates of Madrid, but eventually the capital was taken. General Espartero achieved important successes (Luchana battle, which ended the siege of Bilbao) .* The third phase of the war (1838-1840) stands out for the division within the Carlist side. One sector was in favor of negotiating peace, while the other wanted to continue fighting. General Maroto Espartero began negotiations with, and with him signing the Convention of Vergara. It is guaranteed the respect for the Basque and Navarrese charters (although they lost some privileges), and ensured that the Carlist general would be kept in their posts. A Carlist sector (especially the General Cabrera) did not accept the agreement and continued fighting in the Mastership. Don Carlos decided to exile in France.
Throughout the nineteenth century, two Carlist wars erupted. Not until the Restoration when the Carlist military activity ceases completely, if not disappeared as an option política.Tras Vergara Convention in 1841, several laws were passed whereby Navarre lost its customs, fiscal privileges, their military exemptions and its own institutions of government, for example the courts. But in exchange, the Navarrese got a very beneficial tax system, consisting of the payment of an annual single-contributory quota of small amount to the Treasury-Estatal.Ese same year, the Basque provinces also lost some of his former provincial privileges, as customs, so it was repealed the so-called pass foral, an ancient privilege of legal institutions and the Basque city to obey but not comply and delay but not to suspend the rules and orders of state government.