Basic Concepts of Electricity and Electronics
Fundamentals
Insulator
An insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current.
Conductor
A conductor facilitates the flow of electrons.
Electrical Resistance
If the electrical resistance is high, it hinders the passage of electron flow. Conversely, if it’s low, it facilitates the flow.
Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of charge per unit of time that passes through a material. It is due to the movement of electrons inside the material.
Direct Current (DC)
Direct current (DC) is the continuous flow of electrons through a conductor between two points of different potential. Unlike alternating current (AC), in DC, electrical charges flow in the same direction.
DC is one whose electric charges or electrons always flow in the same direction in a closed circuit, moving from the negative to the positive pole of a source of electromotive force (EMF).
Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current (AC) is a type of power in which the magnitude and direction vary cyclically. The waveform of the alternating current most commonly used is that of a sine wave.
Electric Voltage
Electric voltage is the pressure of a source of electrical power or electromotive force (EMF) on the electric charges or electrons in a closed electrical circuit, to establish the flow of electrical current.
Electric Power
Electric power is the rate of energy transfer per unit of time, i.e., the amount of energy delivered or absorbed by an element in a given time.
Circuit Elements
Resistor (NTC)
If the temperature of an NTC resistor decreases, its internal resistance increases.
LDR Resistance
An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a resistance whose value varies depending on the amount of light that illuminates it.
Capacitor
A capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field.
The farad is defined as the ability of a capacitor in which, under their armor to a potential difference of 1 volt, they acquire an electrical charge of 1 coulomb.
Inductor (Coil)
A coil is considered a passive element of an electrical circuit.
Henry is the unit of measure for inductance.
Transformer
A transformer changes a sinusoidal voltage signal into another sinusoidal output voltage signal.
Circuit Types
Open Circuit
An open circuit is a circuit in which electrical power does not circulate because it is interrupted or not connected through an electrical conductor.
Short Circuit
A short circuit is the failure of an appliance or power line by which the electric current passes directly from the live conductor or phase to neutral or ground on phase systems of alternating current, between two phases, or between opposite poles in the case of direct current.
Series Circuit
A series circuit is a connection setting in which the terminals of devices (generators, resistors, capacitors, switches, among others) are connected sequentially.
Parallel Circuit
A parallel circuit is a connection where the input and output terminals of all devices (generators, resistors, capacitors, etc.) are connected to each other.
Electrical System
An electrical system is the path of electricity through a conductor from the power source to the place of consumption. All electrical circuits require a power source, in this case, an electric current.
Electronic System
An electronic system studies and uses systems whose operation is based on the conduct and control of the microscopic flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles.
Signals
Binary Signal
A binary signal is encoded using rectangular pulses, amplitudes modular code polar non-return-to-zero.
Digital Signal
A digital signal is a kind of signal generated by some electromagnetic phenomenon in which every sign that encodes the content can be analyzed in terms of discrete magnitude values.
Laws and Models
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law asserts that the current flowing through an electrical conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance as long as its temperature remains constant.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the total current entering a junction (node) is equal to the total current leaving the junction.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law indicates that the sum of voltages around a closed path or circuit must be zero.
Bohr Model
The Bohr model was developed to explain how electrons may have stable orbits around the nucleus.
Active Components
Active components are those that are capable of exciting the circuit or making profits or controlling it.
Active components are those that are capable of exciting the circuit or making profits or controlling it.
Active components are those that are capable of exciting the circuit or making profits or controlling it.