Anthropometry, Physiology, and Nutrition
Anthropometric Measurements
Frankfort Plane
It is incorrect to state that the eye must be parallel to the pinna when measuring the height of the Frankfort plane.
Skinfold Measurements
Skinfold measurements, as described by Durnin and Womersley, include:
- Triceps
- Biceps
- Subscapular
- Suprailiac
- Sural
For the subscapular skinfold, the most prominent point should be marked. For the medial calf, the knee should be at 90°.
Circumference Measurements
Hip circumference should be measured at the most prominent level of the buttocks. Abdominal circumference should be measured 5 cm to the right of the umbilicus in a vertical position.
Anthropometric Methods
Doubly indirect anthropometric methods include bioimpedance analysis (BIA).
Iliac Crest Measurement
The iliac crest measurement is taken at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the last rib in the midaxillary line.
Humerus Measurement
The biepicondylar diameter of the humerus is the distance between the medial and lateral epicondyles. It is measured with the forearm flexed at 90° in supination.
Kinanthropometry
Kinanthropometry is the science of measuring the human body in motion.
Tanner Stages
The use of Tanner stages in assessing the nutritional status of adolescents allows for the differentiation between biological age and chronological age.
Six-Fold Summation Skinfold
When the six-fold summation of triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, thigh, and calf skinfolds decreases while body weight remains constant, it indicates an increase in muscle mass without a change in weight.
Acidosis/Alkalosis Management
The correct order for managing acidosis or alkalosis is: chemical analysis, pulmonary ventilation assessment, renal function evaluation, and stone analysis.
Hepatic Portal System Blood Flow
The correct blood flow through the hepatic portal system is: portal vein, sinusoids, central vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava.
Substances Banned by the IOC
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) bans many substances, excluding caffeine, creatine, and glutamine.
Digestive System
Pancreatic Enzymes
The main pancreatic enzyme for starch digestion is amylase.
Pancreatic Exocrine Function
The exocrine function of the pancreas involves enzyme and bicarbonate production.
pH Definition
pH is defined as the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
Layers of the Digestive Tract
The layers of the digestive tract from the outside to the lumen are: serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa, and epithelium.
Peristalsis
Peristalsis is the involuntary movement of the digestive tract that propels food through it.
Gastric Secretions
Parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid, while chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
Saliva Functions
Saliva destroys pathogens, begins carbohydrate digestion, and acts as a lubricant.
Enzymes and Coenzymes
Noncompetitive Allosteric Modulators
A noncompetitive allosteric modulator stimulates or inhibits enzyme activity by binding to a site other than the active site.
Coenzyme Definition
A coenzyme is a non-protein substance that assists in enzymatic action.
Enzyme Function
The main function of an enzyme is to catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Micelle Formation
Micelles are formed by the aggregation of lipids with water.
Pancreas and Liver
Islets of Langerhans
The islets of Langerhans are endocrine cells in the pancreas.
Colon Functions
The main functions of the colon are water absorption, vitamin K synthesis, bacterial fermentation, and fecal storage.
Liver Structure
The functional unit of the liver is the liver lobule.