Animal Biology: Key Concepts and Classifications
Animal Biology: Key Concepts and Classifications
Key Concepts
- Analogy: Two structures in different organisms that serve the same function
- Homology: Traits shared from a common ancestor
- Axial: Makes up the central body. Anterior to Posterior
- Appendicular: Upper and lower extremities including supporting structures
- Carnivore: Meat, eyes front, jaw joint pivot in line with teeth
- Herbivore: Plants, eyes side, jaw joint pivot above teeth
- Generalist: Adaptable species that use a variety of resources to survive
- Specialists: Less adaptable species, use limited resources, less likely to survive
- Homodont: Teeth same shape & function
- Heterodont: Teeth different shapes & function
- Binomial name: Genus and species
- Classification: King Phillip Came Ome From Greece Saturday
- Monophyletic: Natural group, all descendants included
- Paraphyletic: Hypothetical common ancestor & not all descendants included
- Polyphyletic: Mix of ancestors & descendants
Animal Development
- Starfish development: Ovum to blastula
- GVC: Digestive and circulation
- Protostome: Mouth first blastopore (vegetal always first)
- Deuterostome: Mouth second, Chordates Ambulacrarians
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia
- – Phylum Cnidaria ,Platyhelminthes Mollusca,Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, & Chordata
Phylum Cnidaria
,Platyhelminthes Mollusca,Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, & Chordata
Cnidaria’s three characteristics: Radial symmetry, cnidoblasts, two cell layers ecto/endoderm & two-part life cycle: poly Asexually & Medusa Sexually. Classes Hydrozoa (G Hydra, Obelia & Physalia)
Cnidoblasts, stinging cells> surface trigger> Nematocyst fired> entangles> poison’s.
Manubrium protraction/Retraction of the thorax
Pneumatophore air sac float of colony.
Corals: Columella (hole), Corallite(whole structure) & Septae (Black lines) secrete the protective skeletal of calcium carbonate
A/Coelomates- Lack/has body cavity that separates body wall from the digestive tract.
Platyhelminthes: Classes Turbellaria, Trematoda & Cestoda. (G Dugesia & Clonorchis) Flatworms, tissues are ecto/endo/mesoderm, move ciliated, black light sensitive spots.
Turbellaria (GD) free-living
Trematoda (GC) flukes, parasitic, vitellin gland synthesizes yolk.
Cestoda parasitic tapeworms, proglottid are segments of tapeworms with SR structures.
Mollusca: Pelecy/gastro/cephalopoda. All Acoelomate, three body regions: Head, mantle, & foot. Clams, snails, slugs, nudibranchs, squid, octopus, chambered nautilus & cuttlefish.
Gastropoda- Snails, shell has a digestive system, excretory organ, mantle cavity, & gills. Radula, rasping tongue, scrape algae off rocks or make holes in shell of other mollusks & moves by foot-secreting mucus which snail glides by muscle contraction of the foot. Slugs & Nudibranchs other examples
Cephalopoda- Squid, swim/escape when mantle cavity is filled with ink used to swim behind a concealing cloud & Radula moves prey to beaklike jaws of mouth to bite and crush it.
Annelida: Segmented worms, Classes Oligo/polychaeta/Hirudinea (G. Lumbricus Nereis, leech) Coelomates, Dorsal darker than ventral
Oligochaeta: earthworm (G.Lumbricus), digestive system- Mouth-Pharynx-esophagus-crop-gizzard. Crop is temporary food storage & gizzard grinds food. SemR function by
Polychaeta- Marine worms (Nereis) parapodia used for locomotion & Pharynx is everted.
Hirudinea- Leech, characterized by 33/34 segments & have two suckers
Arthropoda: Coelomate, Classes Crustacea, Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopodia & Arachnida, have an exoskeleton & grow when the exoskeleton is shed & new one forms around larger individual; process is called instar.
Crustacea: Crayfish (G. Cambarus) Cephalothorax, abdomen & tail. Head: Compound eyes/Antennae, mouth: Mandidbles/maxillae/maxillipeds. Locomotion: Chelipeds, walking legs, swimmerets. Male swimmerets longer. Stomach has teeth in it.
Insecta: Grasshopper (G.Romalea), no cephalothorax, spiracle are holes in exoskeleton for breathing, tympanic membrane is for hearing.
Chilopoda- Centipedes, Diplopodia ( Millipedes) & Arachnida (Spiders & Scorpions)
Echinodermata: Coelomate, endoskeleton made of Calcium Carbonate Classes are Asteroidea, Echino/Holo/Crinoidea/ophiuro/ & Indeterminate cleavage & WVC pumps seawater through series of ducts to work tube feet and suction cups at tips.
Asteroidea- Starfish, adult symmetry pentameral radial
Organisms per class: Sea-urchins (Ophiuroidea), sea-cucumbers (Holo), Sea-lillies (Crino), Sand-dollars (Echino).
Chordata: Coelomate, Tunicates, subphylum Cephalochordata Amphioxus (G. Branchiostoma) five features are: Notochord, Pharyngeal slits, endostyle or thyroid gland, dorsal tubular nerve cord & Postanal tail (Human do not have this). Use cilia & Food & water travel is Buccal Cirri>Pharynx>Gill silts> endostyle secretes muscus moves dorsal across Pharyngeal silts> Water collects in atrium> exits through atriopore> food carried by muscus & EPG into the intestine.
Atriopore Discharges water, Buccal Cirri processes food (pasta strainer), Endostyle secretes the muscus, EPG carries mucus to intestine, Pharynx bars/silts capture small food particles from water, & tunic protects organism.