Ancient Literary Traditions from Around the World
Understanding Myths in Literature
The word ‘myth’ often refers to a person or event that stands out for a particular reason, becoming an object of admiration and a model for others. Key features of myths include:
- The narration of an event prior to historical time.
- The involvement of superhuman beings.
- Attempts to explain the fundamental issues of existence.
- Holding religious significance.
Types of myths include cosmological myths and those detailing the practices of worship of gods and heroes.
Ancient Chinese Literature and Confucius
Chinese literature is one of the oldest and richest literary traditions. Early works were recorded on bamboo boards. China produced an exceptional writer and philosopher, Confucius, who had a profound influence on both Eastern and Western thought. He was a moralist dedicated to studying and teaching. Confucianism is a practical doctrine that aims to regulate the conduct of individuals.
The Epics and Fables of Indian Literature
Indian literature is one of the best-known and most influential in the East. The great Indian epics began to be composed between the 12th and 10th centuries BC. They narrate the myths and legends of India in a highly ornate style. The most famous is the Ramayana, which, in 50,000 lines, recounts the struggles of Prince Rama to rescue his faithful wife, Sita, from the power of demons. The fable also originated in India, influenced by beliefs in animism and reincarnation after death. The most famous collection of fables is the Panchatantra, composed between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. Its short stories teach lessons about friendship, war, and peace. The Panchatantra’s influence on world literature was enormous, impacting writers such as Don Juan Manuel, the Archpriest of Hita, and La Fontaine.
Foundations of Jewish Literature: The Bible
The Bible is a collection of sacred writings that form the foundation of the Jewish and Christian religions. It consists of two main parts:
- The Old Testament: 45 books written primarily in Hebrew, starting from the 13th century BC.
- The New Testament: 27 books written in Greek during the 1st century AD.
The Old Testament chronicles Jewish history before the time of Christ and contains four main genres of books: historical, poetic, prophetic, and wisdom. Among the most important are the first five books attributed to Moses, which Christians call the Pentateuch. These books record the early history of Israel and the essential precepts dictated by God. Notable poetic books include the Psalms and the Song of Songs. The prophetic books, such as the significant Book of Isaiah, convey messages from God to his people. Finally, the wisdom books are collections of moral teachings presented as maxims.
Greek Literature and Human-Like Gods
Alongside the Hebrew people, Ancient Greece stands as a cornerstone of Western civilization. The cultural expressions of the Greek people are characterized by a deep sense of moderation and balance. The primary source of inspiration for the Greeks was their mythology—a rich treasure of religious beliefs and legends. Their strong oral tradition provided so many events and stories about their gods that they did not need to invent new arguments; they simply had to recreate existing ones. Unlike the deities of other cultures, the Greek gods did not embody terrifying and absolute perfection; they were, first and foremost, human-like. They are relatable because they possess human weaknesses and vices, as well as virtues.