Analysis of Primo de Rivera’s 1923 Coup d’état in Spain
The text said the coup is that given by General Primo de Rivera and Orbaneja in 1923 with a view to restoring the political system restore meaningful democratization.
The text is divided into three paragraphs. The first attacks the political system restoration, justifying the coup as the salvation of the Fatherland, which transcends the law. Want to take extreme measures, leading to a military dictatorship.
He explained that he did not wish to violate the constitution but was forced by referring to the democratically elected politicians, who are responsible for the “picture of misery and immorality who started in year 98,” referring to the disaster of 98 in which Spain lost colonies of Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico. These woes have continued with the appearance of independence, terrorism, civil unrest and even political confrontation. Go to criticize the turnismo, to what he calls the “dense network of lusts.” He says that through this political system in Spain “govern what they say they do not stop governing,” alluding to the political leaders themselves are in dispute between them but thanks to the system “easy and happy to be in accordance to turn peaceful and sharing” despite the Spanish discontent of the people who insisted on the need for change and reform.
Miguel Primo de Rivera and Orbaneja, who lived between 1870 and 1930 was Spanish soldier and politician. He defended the order, discipline and love of country. Raised in the heyday of Restoration, a family of military tradition, which affects a lot in his life, mainly because his uncle, Fernando Primo de Rivera, who left him the title of Marquis of Estella to die at Annual in 1921.
On 13 September 1923, after consulting the rest of the captains general and with the approval of King Alfonso XIII himself, proclaimed the dictatorship because of the failure of bipartisanship, the problem of Morocco, widespread civil unrest and the anarchist terrorism. Its objectives were to end the Restoration of 1875, ending the problem of Morocco, to ensure public order and eliminate terrorism and anti-clericalism.
The period in which Primo de Rivera held power in Spain, which was suspended during the term of the 1876 Constitution, has been divided by the historiography in two well-defined stages: the Military Directory (1923-1925) and the Civil Directory (1925-1930), distinguished both by two separate governments appointed by him.
Seeing that the opposition was growing and had no support from their own comrades in arms, Primo de Rivera presented to King Alfonso XIII of his resignation on 28 January 1930, leaving behind a host of problems: nationalism, unionism , economic crisis and the very viability of the monarchy. He died on 16 March 1930 in Paris.
Other:
This is a text of a political nature and is a primary source. The manifesto was published on September 13, 1923, accompanying the coup of Primo de Rivera. Alfonso XIII’s government marked the exhaustion Canovas, was a nation in crisis and exhaustion, and watched as the only solution to the problems Primo de Rivera (the surgeon of iron).
In the first paragraph shall disqualify the political system and justifies the statement. Takes power as an obligation under the circumstances. When he quotes the word law refers to omitto the constitution of 86, characteristic for being liberal, conservative, constitutional monarchy and oligarchy. Was in force for over 50 years, from Alfonso XII. It also uses the word professional to disqualify politicians. Wants to end the turnismo criticizing the system Canovas. The turnismo was an agreement to share power between conservatives and liberals. Primo de Rivera believed that political service should be temporary, you can not be perpetuated. Thus, ironically called them professionals.
It refers to the crisis of 98, having been responsible for the misfortunes of the country. It occurred events such as the loss of the Spanish colonies, and after all this, the Restoration regime has dragged a number of conflicts.
Speaking of lust, refers to the bourgeoisie, for government to defend its economic interests. Politicians remained in power for purely economic interests.
End of the first paragraph, speaking of the shift and distribution refers to the typecasting, because power is distributed. Through electoral manipulation (exercised by chiefs in rural areas, coercion of voters or the rigging) succeeded to leave the people the government had ordered through the box, sent to provinces through civilian rulers.
The second short paragraph talking about power, and how this will be delivered to both the military and civilian men who share his ideology. So what states would do, a military coup. When he quotes the tame rebellion refers to the Defense Science Board in 1917. Here are some of the army mutinies asking to remove his promotion on merit, as the old soldiers were angry. Linked to the Defense Board can find those responsibilities mentioned in the paragraph, then the file Picasso made the military investigation into the disaster involucraods Annual (1921).
In the third and last paragraph talks about the problems of the country, which dictates that going to solve, and these justifications of the coup, as the gunman, social indiscipline (strikes, etc.). He solved the problem of gangsterism and Morocco (on the Alhucemas landing) but not the labor movement, latent at the time.
When does mention the murders who killed ratio, while using disparaging and derogatory terms such as feasting and tariff. The problem Riff is represented by political intrigue, where the General resolved the matter by a military technique. After withdraw its troops, Abd el-Krim was engrandeción and invaded French territory at that time Spain was allied with France and there was a landing in Al Hoceima, where he solved the problem Rif.
Completing the text mentions the plight in which he is the Nation (word ruined) on the strikes and demonstrations outside the labor movement(words social indiscipline), a social revolution by Communist propaganda, and referring to the workers (impiety and ignorance). All these are the causes of Primo de Rivera justified his actions. The result of the coup were several. One negative, of course, was the repression, since it was an achievement. Although the economy improved, the rest was met with repressive measures, abolishing freedom. Another positive part of that managed to overcome the crisis was creating jobs that ended the battle of the Rif. In some ways it can be called a traitor because he wanted to remain in power, to sistituyendo military civilians. Ended up losing all their support: the bourgeoisie was against it began to increase taxes to finance construction, the workers who sympathized with him because he gave them work and did not pay and lost his favor because the 20 happy years passed and came 29, together with the Crack Crisi, brought from the U.S., defended the military issue on merit, by what the military disagreed; to want a crackdown, lost favor with liberal intellectuals. So after losing all of your support, the king accepted the resignation of Primo de Rivera and ordered a new government Berenguer (the soft dictatorship). Ending his life, Primo de Rivera and Orbaneja died in Paris in 1930.
In my opinion, Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship brought some positive aspects, such as overcoming the crisis, but mostly all are negative aspects, because the suppression was complete (as evidenced by the fact that there was private correspondence and journals). So I think mostly negative the government of Primo de Rivera.