A Comparative Study of 19th Century Revolutions and Nationalism
1. National Assembly: after the Estate-General was called, Third Estate decided to meet apart of the other estates and create a National representative assembly to create the first French Constitution.
2. Censitary suffrage: is when only a few people with specific amount of money can vote, only them are considered the nation, but no the others.
3. Universal suffrage: when every single male over 25 years old was allowed to vote.
4. Guillotine: machine created to behead the people was against revolution ideas and government.
5. Declaration of Independence: when the thirteen colonies decided unanimously to separate from the UK and create their own state, the US.
6. National sovereignty: when the sovereignty resides in the population, called nation.
7. Economic Blockage:
Napoleon tried to avoid the UK invaded European continent whit its goods avoiding that European economies were harmfully pained as well.
8. Civil Code: a cum of conduct rules based on equal rights and freedom for every single person in the country that in fact supposed the separation of judicial branch of power.
9. Right of intervene: the self-acquired power assumed by absolutist powers in Europe that allow them to interfere in other states even if they don’t have permission of these states.
10. Zollverein: Custom Union in German Confederation that eliminate the boundaries and taxes and developed the industrial revolution.
Italy: 1815-1848
Italian peninsula was divided between several states. The most important states were Naples,
Papal States and Piedmont. From Vienna Congress, Piedmont ruled territories in France, Savoy,
Nice, and Sardinia Island. Furthermore, after Vienna Congress, Austria ruled territories in North
Italy, Lombardy, Veneto, etc.
Revolutionary process, 1820, 1830 and 1848 meant the birth of nationalism in Italy. Thinkers
and movements sprang in Italy during revolutionary process. Giove Italia and Risorgimento
movements helped to spread the nationalist’s ideas. Like in Germany, Prussia, its king
Guillermo I, and its Prime Minister Bismarck, led the unification. In Italy, Piedmont, king Victor
Manuel, and the Prime Minister Cavour, led the unification process. But Piedmont knew that
they weren’t strength enough to led the process by themselves and looked for help in other
European powers. A revolutionary leader Garibaldi helped to unified the south.
Stages of the unification:
1. French support. Piedmont with Cavour, and France with Napoleon, agreed to attack
northern states under Austrian ruled. Piedmont outcome to unify Lombardy, but when
they attacked Veneto, Napoleon signed a secret Peace Agreement with Austria and
Piedmont had to stopped their attempt. Little states in the north joined to the new
Italian state.
2. German Support. During the Austrian Prussian War, Italy supported Prussia and freed
Veneto. At the same time Garibaldi expedition unified the South and after Romagna
territory from Papal States, they unified North and South.
3. 1870. All Italy was Unified except Papal State that was under French protection. In the
French Prussian war, Italy invaded Papal State and finished the unification process.
Consequences
New Power were born in the Mediterranean. Constitutional Monarchy was created in Italy.
After the unification process Italy set the industrial revolution up. As a late comer they
developed their industrial power later. Italy participated in the colonialism process also late
and they were involved in international secret treaties that led to First World War.
1.
Stimulus is a change in the enviroment detected by a receptor
2.
Receptor is what it transforms the stimulus into electrical nerve impulses 3.
Nervous system it proccesses information and sends signals to effectors 4.
Effectors carry out the response to the stimulus
The brain –
Cerebrum: Interprets information, regulates muscular activity, intellectual processes. The surface is folded(convolutions) and has a superficial layer of grey matter and the internal layer is of white matter. -Thalamus and hypothalamus: Involved in hormones’ production. -Cerebellum: Controls posture and balance. -Brain stem: Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Regulates blood pressure. Heartbeat and respiration. The spinal cord: Nervous tissue that runs through the spine. It connects the brain with the PNS and controls reflex actions.
The grey matter is located in the internal layer and the white matter is superficial.
The neurons are able to generate electrical and chemical changes that are transmitted from one neuron to another. This event is named synapse.
There is NO physical contact between neurons. 1.The nerve impulse is transmitted from the dendrites through the axon of the presynaptic neuron. 2. When the electric signal reaches the axon terminal, the neurotransmitters are released on the synaptic cleft. (Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in the axon terminal) 3. The neurotransmitters join receptors in the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron and the nerve impulse continue along it.
The parasympathetic nervous system provokes relaxation and the organs work more slowly and less intensely.And the sympathetic nervous system controls most of the body´s organs so that they work more effectively under stress.
DEPENDING ON THEIR FUNCTION : Sensory nerves (receptor→CNS), motor nerves (CNS→effectors), mixed nerves (both)
DEPENDING ON THEIR LOCATION: Cranial nerves (connect the brain with the organs without passing through the spinal cord-12 pairs) and spinal nerves (connect the spinal cord with the torso and limbs-31 pairs).