19th Century Spain: Wars, Politics, and Key Figures
War of the Convention (1793-1795)
Conflict between Spain and Revolutionary France.
Peace of Basel (1795)
Treaties signed between France and Prussia, and France and Spain, establishing peace with Revolutionary France.
Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807)
Agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Austria, Russia, and Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars.
Mutiny of Aranjuez (1808)
Popular uprising in Aranjuez, Madrid.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military and political leader during the French Revolution and Directory.
Pro-French
Term used in Spain (often pejoratively) to describe supporters of France.
Joseph Bonaparte
King of Naples (1806-1808) and King of Spain (1808-1813) under Napoleon’s rule.
Manuel de Godoy
Spanish nobleman and politician, Prime Minister during the reign of Charles IV.
Supreme Junta
Governing body in Spain during the Napoleonic occupation.
Battle of Bailén (1808)
First major defeat of Napoleon’s army in the Spanish War of Independence.
Duke of Wellington
British military leader who played a key role in the Spanish War of Independence.
Spanish Constitution of 1812
Liberal constitution enacted by the Parliament in Cádiz.
Ancien Régime
Term used by French revolutionaries to describe the pre-revolution government.
Ferdinand VII
King of Spain (1808 and 1813-1833).
Pronunciamiento
Military uprising or coup d’état against a government.
Rafael del Riego
Spanish general and liberal politician.
Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis
French army that invaded Spain in 1823 to restore Ferdinand VII to absolute power.
Immobilism
Resistance to change, particularly in socio-political contexts.
Simón Bolívar
Venezuelan soldier and political leader who played a key role in Latin American independence.
José de San Martín
Argentine general who contributed to the independence of Argentina, Chile, and Peru.
Baldomero Espartero
Spanish general and politician, Regent of Spain (1840-1843).
Ramón María Narváez
Spanish soldier and politician, Prime Minister of Spain on several occasions.
Isabelline
Supporters of Queen Isabella II of Spain.
Carlist Wars (1833-1876)
Series of civil wars between Carlists (supporters of Carlos María Isidro de Borbón) and liberals (supporters of Isabella II).
Convention of Vergara (1839)
Agreement that ended the First Carlist War.
Isabella II
Queen of Spain (1833-1868).
Census Suffrage
Voting rights restricted to a portion of the population based on property or tax qualifications.
Vicalvarada (1854)
Military uprising led by Leopoldo O’Donnell against the government.
Liberal Union
Spanish political party founded by Leopoldo O’Donnell in 1858.
Confiscation
Historical process of economic and social change initiated in Spain in the late 18th century.
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
Document that proposed the U.S. annexation of Cuba.
Juan Prim
Spanish general and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (1869-1870).
Republic
Political system based on the rule of law and equality before the law.
Alfonso XII
King of Spain (1874-1885).
Regency
: is a transitional period during which a person (usually of the royal family) exercises power on behalf of the monarch
Moderate-Decade: is the name that is known to the period of the history of Spain between May 1844 and July 1854. Characterized by Moderate Party rule
-Two Progressive: The name is known in the brief period in the history of Spain elapsed between July 1854 and July 1856, during which the Progressive Party tried to reform the political system of the reign of Elizabeth II, dominated by the Moderate Party since 1843