19th-Century Social and Political Movements
The Class Society
The bourgeoisie disrupted the social structure of the Old Regime, giving rise to a new society based on wealth. This new class society was characterized by social mobility and the loss of traditional privileges. The rise of the bourgeoisie as the dominant group in all aspects of life led to the emergence and development of a new class, the urban proletariat, composed of industrial workers. Individuals were categorized based on their means of production or their labor, which they sold for wages.
The Development of the Labor Movement
: the labor movement acquired a new impetus with the development of new forms of struggle to the appearance of anti-capitalist-leaning ideologies and new forms of organizaciion workers. highlighted: the progress of trade unionism: workers banded together to organize the struggle or negotiation with employers and the stateTo obtain better working conditions / general strike as a means of pressure, together with trade unions were regarded as unlawful as the unions had k carry out their activities in secrecy until it was legalized. / The appearance of two new revolutionary ideology , Marxism and anarchism who wanted the destruction of capitalism, which they considered responsible for the exploitation of the working class. / The foundation of international workers.
Marxism is a political and economic teopria based on the thinking of Karl Marx and Engels and developed in capital.propugnaba a change in the economic, social and political through the class struggle. the working class was to confront the bourgeoisie, his disappearance and conkistar achieve the power of the proletariat. once attained power, the capitalist system are dismounted and colectavizarian the means of production, they would serve the whole community.
Anarchism: political theory based on the thought of Proudhon, but its leader was Bakunin. cualkier opposed form of government, as the only echo of government supposed to coercion and injustice. defended freedom of the individual, the disappearance of the authorities and the abolition of private ownership of means of production lños. their organization was based in the communities, groups pekeñas free autobastecerían persons and where private property did not exist.
The workers internanacionales: emerged in 1860 when labor leaders from various European countries, raised the need for partnership for their demands and struggles have more strength. The goal was to create a climate of solidarity among workers. There were two: the first internationalwas founded in London in 1864 but disappeared by the pursuit by governments and by disputes between Marxists and anarchists on the methods of struggle. anrkistas were expelled from the international. / International was the second in Paris in 1962, wanted to get the eight-hour workday and put it on 1 May as day to devido protesta.desapareció international political tension and that ended up bringing the First World War marked the failure of the international and the workers of each country sided with their respective governments in the war putting the interests of their countries to their class interests.
Bakunin: abandoned military career to devote himself to philosophy. his thought was opposed to any form of authority, was a man of action, fought in the Revolution of 1848 in Paris and Germany, was sentenced to death, but fled to Japan and return to Spain, participated in the struggles for Italian unification, he campaigned in the international association of workers in the k staged a fierce debate with Karl Marx.
MOSQUE:
The great mosque is believed that it was originally a Roman temple, but the truth is it was a Visigoth church, the Basilica of San Vicente, which in 751 the Emir Abd al-Rahman I purchased a space for your site prayer (so Christians and Muslims shared the same place of worship). Successive interventions of Abd al-Rahman II in the ninth century, Al Mansur Hakan II and expanded in the tenth century the mosque to the size that we know today. In the sixteenth century Bishop Alonso Manrique transformed the mosque into a cathedral
To have the first expansion in 832, Abd al-Rahman II downed the qibla and extended the mosque to the river, building also, as mentioned, the first minaret. The original floor was dirt mixed with clay called red ocher.
In 855 Mohammed I remodel the Puerta de San Esteban, whose arch is topped with a frame, called arch panels, which will often be repeated later. Also to the Guadalquivir, in 962 al-Hakam II extended the prayer hall, this time using new elements and not recycled in construction. Its expansion is a “visual settings and morphologically complex forms which is located on a connection between past and future” (Khoury, 1996).
Expanded the patio and it brought down the old battlements to build a new one. Also included a large library with a huge room copyists (who copied books by not yet printed) The horseshoe arches, whose concept had been used previously, are redefined with complex designs, intersecting forms polylobulated getting.Unable to continue growing into the river, Mansur in 987 decided to grow the complex to the east, adding 8 new ships and expanding the yard. The arches in this area are painted. With this expansion the mosque reached a capacity of 25,000 people. The horseshoe arch is predominant, also profusely decorated.