19th Century Revolutions: Causes, Conflicts, and Consequences
19th Century Revolutions
Simón Bolivar and Venezuelan Independence
Take the role of Simón Bolivar and justify why Venezuela should be an independent country. Spain exploits our resources, makes political decisions for its own benefit, and subjugates us socially, denying us freedom. It is time to defend our identity, culture, traditions, and language. Venezuela must be for Venezuelans!
Ferdinand VII and Spanish Colonialism
Take the role of Ferdinand VII and justify why Spain should continue possessing colonies in America. Absolutism is the best form of monarchy, as a strong central power ensures social order. We have strengthened our nation and brought civilization to primitive territories, who should be grateful. We must continue this way to maintain our colonies and prevent external attacks.
Venezuelan Independence and the Spanish Liberal Revolution
How did the Venezuelan independence process affect the Spanish liberal revolution? In the 1810s, Venezuela led the American independence revolts, challenging the rule of Spanish King Ferdinand VII, who was also facing opposition from liberals against his absolutist regime. In 1820, Ferdinand VII sent General Rafael de Riego to suppress the revolutions in America, but Riego staged a coup, forcing the king to accept the Constitution of Cadiz.
Spanish Independence War and Liberal Revolution
What is the link between the Spanish independence war and the Spanish liberal revolution? Or what are the causes of the Spanish liberal revolution? Spain’s War of Independence (1808–1814) under Napoleon led to the drafting of a liberal constitution in Cádiz in 1812. However, Ferdinand VII reinstated absolutism in 1814. A liberal revolution in 1820 forced him to apply the constitution for three years, but with France’s help, he restored absolutism until his death.
Isabella II and the Case for a Liberal Spain
Take the role of Isabella II and justify why Spain should be a liberal country. Absolutism is an outdated ideology. To progress towards a modern society, people’s rights must be respected, and all individuals should have equal political participation. There should be no privileges for some, and everyone should be free to express their opinions without fear of punishment.
Congress of Vienna and Revolutions in Belgium and Italy
How did the Congress of Vienna affect the Belgian and Italian revolutions? After Napoleon’s rule, European countries occupied by France were reorganized at the Congress of Vienna. Belgium and the Netherlands were united into the Kingdom of the Netherlands, despite significant regional differences. In Italy, the peninsula was divided into seven states, some under larger empires like Austria-Hungary. These unnatural divisions led both Belgium and Italy to seek independence.
Ideologies Represented at the Congress of Vienna
What three ideologies were represented in the Congress of Vienna? Mention one country for each ideology that was present in this congress. The First Carlist War arose from succession disputes. Ferdinand VII had no male heir, so he allowed his daughter Isabella to inherit the throne. His brother, Carlos María Isidro, who had expected to be king, rejected this and declared war on Isabella.
Similarities Between the Spanish Succession and Carlist Wars
What similarities are there between the Spanish Succession War and the First Carlist War? Explain the situation that led to this second war. Germany and Italy were divided into separate states with a shared history. Germany had 39 states, some part of the Austrian Empire, and Italy was divided into 7, with northern parts under Austrian control. Austria became the common enemy in both unifications. Both countries were driven by liberal and nationalist ideologies, aiming for democratic unity, while their opponents, Austria-Hungary, held an absolutist ideology.
Similarities Between Italian and German Unification
What are the similarities between the Italian and German revolutions? Germany and Italy were divided into separate states, with parts under Austrian control. Both countries sought unification, driven by liberal and nationalist ideals, while Austria, their common enemy, held an absolutist ideology.
Success of the Revolutions of 1830
Did the revolutions of 1830 succeed? Why? Yes, they did. France ended Charles X’s absolutist monarchy, transitioning to a constitutional monarchy under Louis-Philippe. Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands and established its own liberal nation.
Did the revolutions of 1848 succeed? Why? No, they didn’t. Germany and Italy attempted to unify in 1848, but Austria-Hungary stopped their efforts. Austria attacked Germany’s National Assembly, and in Italy, Austria won a war in 1848. Both countries would complete their unification in the 1870s.