19th Century Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution in Europe
Borbons 18th century- Spain began with a succession problem->CarlosII died without heirs->end to the reign of the house of Austria->in his will Carls appointed Philip of Anjou as his successor->Felipe V->Bourbons established in Spain. War of Spanish Succession international war->Spn, Fra against Ger emperor, GB, United provinces, Savoy, Port->Also a Civil War->Castile(Anjou) against Aragón(Archduke Carlos). In Spain the war continued-1715->In Europe-death ger emperor-> archk Carlos new emp->If he also acceded to the Spanish throne, Empire of CarlosI would be restored. Enemies of the bourbons singed Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt->Felipe renounced hs rights to throne of Fra and ceded the Spa possessions in Eu to Austria
Liberalism defended individual liberty, rights of citizens, equality under law, suppression of privileges, implementation of constitutional regimes based on national sovereignity and separation of powers Nationalism ideology-spread to territories under foreign power and those who aspired to form a unified state Objective-each nation have its own state and demanded implementation nations’ borders Afrancesados group during Jose Bon reign accepted new mocarchy supported its reforms, nobility civil serv high clergy Patriots didnt accept a foreign monarch imposed by military might, defended sovereignty FerVII
Revolutions 1820 Mediterranean and Russia. Army officials and secret societies-significant roles->Liberalism in Spn Port Naples Piedmont and Russ rose up against absolutists regimes->Some monarchs accepted constitutions->finally imposed liberalism
Revolutions 1830 affected practically all Eu began in Fra wit the ousting of Charles X and the implementation of the constitutional monarchy->spread to Bel, achieved indep in Hol, then Spn Port and several Ita and Ger states->Once powers was taken, liberal leadrers limited rights and freedoms and established censitary or limited suffrage
Revolutions 1848 more extensive, greated participation, more radical->began in Fra->implemented a constitution establishing universal male suffrage->revolutionaries set up barricades in the streets, demanded more rights, popular sovereignity, universal male suffrage and social equality->these demands made the bourgeoisie implemented a conservative liberalism
Consequences Revolutions were positive->Many Western Eu countries adopted liberalism and wrote constitutions with male censitary suffrage->Bourgeoisie gained the most from the liberal revolutions->Commoners didn’t achieve the deeper political and social trasformations they had hopped for
Roots IR GB EU population grew in the 18centy->demographic revolution->decrease in mortality->+nutrition -epidemics +higyene +medicine->birth rate remained->large natural population growth Other factors Modernisation in means of transport and trans networks->domes trade intensified foreign trade reached global lvl Growth of financial means->profits were used to finance mining steel and textile indus Availability of energy sources and raw materials(steam engine)
Econ conseq IR Domes foreign trade benefited->+demand and production and +means transport Industrial capitalism 1st indust small financed by individual->they pushed for limited partnerships to obtain greater investments->partners provide capital and others administered it and public limited companies capital divided into small amounts->this led to the creation of stock markets and +banks Financial capitalism period that establishments led when they grew(begin 19cent)->gaining profit by buying and selling shares/financial products/securities Increase economic inequality since beginning IR countries began to be measured by industrial power instead geographical size or military strength->Industrialisated countries control the world and non indus became dependent
Labour movement deplorable conditions proletariat political marginalisation lack of labour legislation->beginning Lm consisted of protests against mechanisation destruc machines(luddities) also created friendly societies: paid a fee job loss or accident trade unions obj improve labour conditions reducing length work day, increasing wages obtain political rights chartism (peoples charter) document send to GB parliament by london workingmens association: demanded secret ballots universal male suff yearly elections for parliament socialsm
Karl Marx Friedrich engels->obj end private property: considered cause separation bourgeoisie (owners means production) and proletariat(lack property, had to sell their work for miserable wages)->REvolution directed by the socialist party:proletariat to power->common ownership implemented, society without classes and without state anarchism
Pierre-joseph prodhon Mikhail bakunin->achieve maximun individual freedom eliminating anything that limited it: state private property relig beliefs->spontaneous revolution->peastants and prolet->victory->state would be abolished and substitued by egalitarian communities, with equal production and consumption
Spain 19th absolitism->liberal system. Civil wars, military coups d’état, loss of the colonial empire Population grew Economy modernised but Spn continued agrarian country A new class-based society centered on wealth, landowners continued significant influence bourg prolet very little, peasantry majority Reign CarlosIV 1788 give power to Man Godoy->political crisis of the OR began under the influence of the FR->Spain borders closed Enlightenment reforms halted->Fra invaded Basque country and Navarr which made Godoy to sing the Peace of Basel->Godoy allied Nap treaty of fontainebleau invade and divide Por->Fra troops entered in Spa, ocuppation strategically points of the penins also invad Spa->Mutiny of Aranjuez popular revolt against Godoy’s policies->CarlosII demoted Godoy and give throne FerVII->Nap drew Car Fer in Bayonne got both to abdicate to him->Joseph Bonaparte
War of Independence French invasion led to the uprising of the people of Madrid 2may1808->in the cities fight against occupation: resistance Countryside: guerrilla warfare->1st phase Fra advance stopped by the resistance of the cities, victory battle of Bailén: Nap went to Spa with 250k soldiers and recovered almosta all the territory 2nd from 1812 on->taking advance from Nap problems in Russia help of GB, French were defeated at Arapiles->Nap recognised FerVII king Spa Cortes of Cádiz liberal rev happened in parall with the war->patriots created provincial defence juntas to conduct the war->Power supreme central junta undertook political and social reforms, it summoned the Cortes Cad elected by male popular vote->among cortes delegantes were absolutist, defended royal sover and keep OR->liberals favour national sover end OR, won mejority able to get cortes and carry out reforms and approve the constitution1812 first in Spa-> recognised ind rights national sover separation powers, absolutism->liberal political system
FrenchR| Causes: Ideological and political(Enlightenment ideas/AmericanR)
Social: Nobility,Clergy lost power/Bourgeoisie claim political influence
Peastantry (pay taxes/hard life conditions)
Economic: food/financial crisis. New taxes for privileges classes
Process:
NationalConstituentAssembly
: Wanted to write a constitution in FranceFearing that the army would dissolve the new assembly people stormed the
fortress and the Bastile to seize its weapons and defend its representatives
Measures: Abolition to feudalism: Eliminate lords’ privileges. Wrote the declaration
of the rights of man and the citizen. Wrote the Constitution1791.
Legislative Assembly: NatnlContuentAsembly->NationalAsembly(Constitution wrote)
ConstitutionalMonarchy/New laws/Problems:(opposition)King tried to flee the country
and was arrested/(opposition)exiled nobles conspired from abroad.War against
AustriaPrussia(support counterrevolutionaries)/InternalDivsions: Girondis(moderated
revolutionaries)JAcobins(radicals)->country chaos
LegislativeAssembly was dissolve->elect new goverment
National Convenion: Legisltv asmbly->votation->Ntnal Convenion.
ModeratePeriod
Initially dominated by Girondins. Abolished monarchy->proclaimed republic1792
King LouisXVI->guillotine.
TheReignOfTerror
: radical Jacobins came into goverment->defeated invading
forces/new laws, new powers to common people/UniversalMaleSuffrage
Oposers:guillotine/Robespierre and his followers->executed because their
much power. Convenion cam to be dominated by more moderated deputies
New Constitution1795
Directory and the Consulate: Ntnal Convenion->Constitution->The Directory
The new Constitution: New goverment of 5 menbers(the directory)
Suffrage: people who paid rent/New military campaings were started.
Napoleon took advantage of his popularity to stage a coup d’etat that
replaced the Directory with a Consulate of 3 members. Finally Napoleon
achieved total power by becoming first consul
AmericanR| causes
: discontent of the colonist: lacked representation in GB parliament
dependence on GB for trade, couldn’t occupy extensive territories in the west of the
colonies->were reserved for GB. Spread of Enlight ideas->GB government be despotic
The spark, that set off the conflict make GB levy taxes->Stamp act(commercial and legal
documents) Tea act(monopoly sale of tea)->not accepted by colonist->Boston Tea Party
Conflict
: George Washington/Support of Fra and Spa/Victory in YorkTown/Treaty of Versailles
Creation of USA
: chara: equal rights all people/Rights to liberty, life, happinessNational
Sovereignity to guarantee these rights.
Constitution
: liberal system Republic NationalSovereignity SeparationOfPowers
Napoleonic Period| Consulate:
Pacification of the country
->Eliminationof most radical factions/Return exiled nobility/Concordat1801: Agreement
signed with Pope: Recognized catholic faith in France->the church wouldn’t
reclaim the lands confiscated in the Revolution
Internal Reform
: Creation of a system of public assitance/Public education
Several monuments built in Paris/Civil Code->Equiality in the eyes of the law
Right of property and economic freedom/Separation church and state
Popularity of these measures->Nap elected consul for life and then emperor
Nap Empire: control a big part of WestEurope after several victories
Only country that stood against was GB->defeated french at Trafalgar
Resisted a continental blockade. In conquered countries->countries were given
to Nap family/Introduced revolutionary ideas/New constitutions/Civil code
Abolished seigniorial rights
Nap Empire: Failure in Russia and the defeat in the IberianPenin->GB/Aus/Rus
entered in Paris. Monarchy-> reestablished(LouisXVIII)/Nap exiled to Elba island
He escaped and was restored to power for 100days->was defeated in
Waterloo1815->exiled to SaintHelene island: he died1821