Types of Disinfectants and Antiseptics: Uses, Precautions, and Spectrum of Action
- ALCOHOLIC: ANTISEPTIC DISINFECTANT, LEVEL: LOW CONCENTRATION: 70% or 96%, disinfection times: Greater or equal to 10 min, SPECTRUM OF ACTION: Bacteria and mycobacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. MECHANISM OF ACTION: dehydrating and DENATURED PROTEINS. DIRECTIONS: NO CRITICAL EQUIPMENT, SURGICAL HAND WASHING. DISADVANTAGES: OFF WITH ORGANIC MATTER, IRRITANT SKIN, heals wounds. CAUTION: FLAMMABLE.
FORMALDEHYDE: DISINFECTANT. LEVEL: HIGH. DISADVANTAGES: CORROSIVE, carcinogenic, IRRITATING Niriz
Read MoreFunctions and Types of Nutrients
Functions of Nutrients
1. Energetic
- They provide energy to develop vital functions and provide heat.
- Sugar and fats are the most energetic nutrients. When they lack, proteins can also have this function.
- Basal metabolism rate: Amount of energy needed to maintain our vital functions when we are at rest.
2. Structural or Plastic
- They form our own materials. They are used to build membranes.
- Proteins are the most important structural nutrients. Some lipids and mineral salts also have this function.
3. Regulatory
- They
Understanding the Cardiovascular System: Functions, Components, and Health
What Functions are Performed by the Cardiovascular System?
The cardiovascular system circulates blood, delivering nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body. It also collects waste products from the cells and transports them to the lungs (for CO2 removal) or excretory organs (for waste elimination).
What if the Heart Valves Allowed Blood to Circulate in Both Directions?
If the heart valves allowed blood to flow in both directions, several problems would arise:
- Blood cells would collide.
- Blood flow
Biology & Chemistry Basics: Cells, Systems, and Chemical Reactions
Biology
Plant & Animal Cells
Prokaryotes
No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus & other organelles.
Plant cells have a cell wall & chloroplasts while animal cells don’t.
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Suspends organelles in the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports materials throughout the cell.
Nucleus
Stores genetic data & performs mitosis.
Mitochondria
Converts glucose with oxygen to make energy for the cell.
Cell Membrane
Supports the cell & allows diffusion.
Chloroplast
Absorbs
Read MoreTheories of Evolution: From Lamarck to Darwin and Beyond
1. Origins of Life
1.1 Creationism and Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur Experiment:
Pasteur boiled a flask of meat broth to eliminate possible microorganisms. This flask was kept free of microorganisms, as they were trapped in the neck of the flask. After tilting the flask, the microorganisms came into contact with the broth and multiplied rapidly, decomposing it.
1.2 Prebiotic Synthesis and Panspermia
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey:
The gases that made up the primitive atmosphere were injected into
Read MoreGenetics and Evolution
Genetics and Evolution:
Inheritance of acquired characteristics: States that characteristics developed during an organism’s life can be passed to offspring which is wrong.
Artificial selection: Selecting which animals were allowed to reproduce to change its traits.
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection states that living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring than others do. This produces changes in the traits of living things over time.
During his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin